第五节 头痛诊断思路小结
在头痛的诊断过程中,应将患者病史作为最主要的诊断依据,首先判断头痛是原发性还是继发性,若考虑继发性头痛应确定病因是否危急,并及时行影像学或其他检查。符合原发性头痛典型特征的,如首次发病年龄较小、既往有类似头痛病史、本次头痛性质无变化、无异常或新发的神经系统症状、无其他高危病史或检查异常,无须进一步行影像学检查。
当存在多个头痛诊断时,应根据所诊断头痛对患者影响程度的大小排序,关注患者最受困扰的头痛类型。当患者的头痛表现同时符合2种或2种以上头痛诊断的诊断标准时,应通过获取其他信息来甄别哪一个是更正确或可能的诊断(头痛病史、家族史、药物疗效、与月经的关系、年龄、性别及其他信息)。值得注意的是,2020年国际头痛协会在新发表的ICHD-4 alpha中对发作性偏头痛做了定义,即对于一个原发性头痛患者,在过去3个月,每个月发生的头痛少于15天,而只有一些天数(some days)发作的头痛符合偏头痛特征时,仍然应诊断为发作性偏头痛[28]。
当新出现的头痛与某个可以导致头痛的疾病有时间相关性或符合该疾病导致头痛的其他标准时,即使该头痛表现符合原发性头痛(偏头痛、紧张型头痛、丛集性头痛或其他三叉神经自主神经性头痛),应该诊断为缘于该疾病的继发性头痛。需要强调的是,继发性头痛可以模仿所有类型原发性头痛的特点。
(周冀英 贺维)
思考题
1.偏头痛的临床表现及诊断标准有哪些?
2.对于首次出现头痛或头痛模式改变的患者,头痛病史采集及体格检查要点有哪些?
3.继发性头痛的危险信号和其他潜在指标有哪些?
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