食管反流与呼吸道疾病:胃食管喉气管综合征
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14.胃食管反流病与食管、胃动力障碍

张 静

胃食管反流病(gastro-esophageal reflux disease,GERD)是一种常见的消化系统疾病。GERD病因复杂,发病机制至今尚未完全阐明,目前研究已提出的病因病机包括:唾液分泌减少、食管清除能力受损、LES静息压低、存在食管裂孔疝、一过性下食管括约肌松弛(transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations,TLESRs)增多、胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌增多、胃排空延迟和幽门功能不全(胆汁反流)。
GERD是由多种因素促成的上消化道动力障碍性疾病,GERD患者发生反流的主要食管动力异常是包括TLESRs、LES低压和无效食管运动(ineffective esophageal motility,IEM),主要的胃动力障碍是胃排空延迟。
最近以高分辨率测压(high resolution manometry,HRM)、HRM和阻抗联合监测为代表的新技术的出现,使人们在定义GERD食管动力异常、了解GERD动力学特征和理解GERD的发病机制上取得了重大进展 1,2

一、食管动力障碍

TLESRs的存在是胃内容物进入食管的主要发病机制,TLESRs与吞咽诱导的LES松弛存在多种差异,采用传统测压方法定义的TLESRs是指持续时间10~45秒(或更长事件)的LES自发性松弛(之前无吞咽),而HRM的使用对TLESRs的定义做了进一步详细描述(表14-1,图14-1,图14-2)。
表14-1 TLESR(持续时间10~60秒)应具备以下特征
图14-1 TLESR事件被不同类型食管蠕动终止的情况
A.原发性蠕动;B.继发性蠕动;C.部分继发性蠕动;D.不完整TLESR松弛和LES抬高9mm
(引自HanSH,HongSJ.Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and the related esophageal motor activities.Korean J Gastroenterol,2012,59(3):205-210.)
图14-2 完整TLESR事件
A.TLESR完全且迅速松弛;B.完整TLESR过程中发生的液体反流
(引自HanSH,HongSJ.Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and the related esophageal motor activities.Korean J Gastroenterol,2012,59(3):205-210.)
TLESRs不仅是健康志愿者发生胃食管反流的主要发病机制,也是GERD患者发生胃食管反流的重要机制,GERD患者中多达75%的反流事件是在TLESRs过程中发生的,但研究仅发现与GERD患者酸反流事件相关的TLESRs数量增加,而其总数与对照组并无差异。研究还发现,与反流事件相关的TLESRs的比例与GERD的严重程度成反比,GERD越严重则反流相关的TLESRs的比例越低,这可能是由于重度GERD患者的LES低压发生率更高造成的。此外,TLESRs在GERD患者反流事件中发挥的作用与是否存在食管裂孔疝有关,有食管裂孔疝的GERD患者中TLESRs与反流事件的相关性明显降低,即TLESRs对合并食管裂孔疝GERD患者的反流事件的发生并不起到关键的作用,而其他机制如LES低压和吞咽相关的正常LES松弛发挥着更为重要的作用。而新近的一项HRM与阻抗相结合的研究报道,非糜烂性胃食管反流病(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD)患者与对照组相比TLESRs的发生率并无差异,但NERD患者中的TLESRs与反流事件的相关性更高,而且这种情况仅在液体和混合反流时才会出现。
LES低压也是GERD的发病机制,LES低压是指LES基础压力小于10mmHg,这是标志EGJ功能障碍的另一个主要的决定因素。研究发现LES低压仅与重度食管炎的发生有关,糜烂性食管炎(erosive esophagitis,EE)患者的LES平均静息压显著低于NERD、以及Barrett食管(Barrett esophagus,BE)与EE共存的患者,因此通常重度GERD患者LES低压的发生率最高。自2006年以来,基于HRM的研究对评估胃食管交界和TLESRs起到了促进作用,并且强调了两者在反流事件发生发展主要机制中的作用。研究发现与无症状的志愿者相比较,有食管症状(吞咽困难、胸痛和胃灼热、反流)的GERD患者从食管横纹肌到平滑肌的移行区(定义为近端和远端食管收缩波之间的时间延迟)测量食管低压带的持续时间,可能对诊断GERD和吞咽困难是一个有意义的变量。
无效食管动力(ineffective esophageal motility,IEM)是GERD患者的原发性食管动力障碍,是GERD的病因之一。国内的研究发现IEM在国人GERD患者中的发生率明显高于普通人群及无症状对照组患者,且有呼吸道症状的GERD患者IEM的发生率更高。最近在对食管蠕动减弱的食管压力图形进行分类的HRM研究中发现,与对照组相比较,不明原因非阻塞性吞咽困难患者在20mmHg等压线时发生大型(>5cm)和小型(2~5cm)蠕动缺损的频率更高(而不是无蠕动)(图14-3)。
图14-3 在20mmHg等压线时,因小型或大型蠕动缺损造成的食团不完全传输
A.IBT与20mmHg等压线时食管近端大型蠕动缺损有关;B.食管近端小型蠕动缺损与食团完全传输有关,而远端小型蠕动缺损与IBT有关
(引自Roman S,Lin Z,Kwiatek MA,et al.Weak peristalsis in esophageal pressure topography:classification and association with Dysphagia.Am J Gastroenterol,2011,106:349-356.)
IEM与食管酸暴露时间增加及酸清除时间延长关系密切。一项同步测压、pH值和阻抗的研究中,健康受试者在接受西地那非(Sildenafil,万艾可®,可导致食管动力受损)前后分别接受酸清除试验,研究表明在直立位发生的酸反流过程中,只有严重的IEM(异常蠕动>80%)才会导致食管容积清除略有延长。在平卧位时,严重IEM可显著延迟化学和容积清除。而另一项研究也证实,轻度IEM不会对GERD患者的食管清除产生影响,只有严重的IEM才伴随着清除时间延长与酸暴露延长(特别是在平卧期间)。近期的研究证明,GERD患者食管黏膜损伤程度加重与食管功能障碍程度逐渐严重有关,表现为IEM发生的频率增加和食团传输异常。
不同GERD亚组的食管动力学也存在差异。研究显示EE组LES压力减低的发生率及食管裂孔疝的发生率明显高于NERD组;EE和NERD的LES压力明显低于对照组和功能性胃灼热患者,且EE患者的平均食管远端波幅明显低于NERD患者、功能性胃灼热和对照组,此外EE和NERD的食管裂孔疝发生率明显高于功能性胃灼热和对照组。GERD患者发生异常LES低压、IEM和食管裂孔疝的发病率明显高于功能性胃灼热患者和健康对照组。特别是近期的研究发现,IEM的发生率有随着食管损伤严重程度逐渐升高的趋势(NERD组高于对照组和功能性胃灼热组,BE组高于EE组)。同步测压和阻抗的研究已经表明,EE与NERD和健康对照组相比,具有食管的食团传输时间更长和食团完全传输的比率更低的特点。但近期的研究报道,NERD和EE患者中存在蠕动障碍的发生率分别为56%和76%,但两组之间比较没有显著差异。

二、胃动力障碍

自20世纪70年代末以来,一些研究已经发现GERD患者中存在胃排空延迟,但是各项研究中报道的胃排空延迟患者所占比例不尽相同,一些研究表明,GERD患者中不存在胃排空延迟或胃排空延迟的患者比例很小,相反其他的研究发现,GERD患者中胃排空延迟的比例大于30%甚至超过40%。造成这种差异的原因可能(或至少部分)是由于评估胃排空的方法不同,这些研究大多数使用的是闪烁扫描法,少数采用的是超声法,且患者的入选标准和使用的试餐种类(焦耳数、固体/半固体/液体)均存在很大的差异。既往的研究发现NERD患者中也存在胃排空延迟,其发生率与EE相似。然而,其他研究显示,NERD的胃排空延迟发生率明显高于EE或仅EE患者中存在胃排空延迟的发生率增加。尽管大多数的研究显示GERD患者中存在胃排空延迟,但是其在胃食管反流增加中的相关性仍不确定。反流参数与全胃排空并没有相关性。而与此相反,另一项研究表明,近端胃排空的延迟可能与反流事件增多相关,且对餐后和24小时酸暴露程度和每小时反流事件的数量有促进作用。近期对不同亚组GERD患者的胃电及胃阻抗的研究发现,EE组胃电和胃阻抗异常较NERD组、BE组更明显,NERD的反流症状评分与胃阻抗异常相关。

三、GERD与功能性胃肠病重叠

以往的研究显示,GERD患者具有较高的FGID患病率。GERD和FGID均会对个体的日常生活产生不利影响,如妨碍身体活动、损害社会功能、影响睡眠和降低工作效率等。既往的研究中报道,GERD重叠FGID的比例有很大差异。不同GERD亚组中重叠FGID的患者比例也有差异,尤其是以前对NERD的病例研究中报道,GERD患者中重叠FD的比例为8.1%~17.0%,而新近的研究报道,NERD患者中45.8%的患者重叠FD,EE患者中重叠FD的比例为41.3%,这两组的重叠比例明显高于之前的研究,这种差异可能是与研究设计、研究对象的民族差异或研究采用不同FGID的国际标准有关。
有研究显示FD-GERD重叠患者(NERD和EE亚组)中大多数为女性患者,但IBSGERD重叠的患者中则没有性别优势,其可能的原因是GERD和FD有相似的病理生理机制,比如胃排空延迟和内脏高敏感,这两种病理生理机制在女性患者中更为普遍。而IBS有更复杂的发病机制,包括脑肠轴失调和心理障碍。GERD-FD重叠对患者生活质量产生的影响比GERD单独存在更为显著。既往的研究结果显示,GERD与FGID重叠对SF-36评分的影响与GERD单独对评分的影响相比有统计学差异。在所有GERD患者中,NERD患者可通过内脏高敏机制的作用对刺激物(不仅包括酸反流,还包括弱酸或气体反流)更加敏感。而GERD患者中FD症状的存在可使GERD患者因食管黏膜酸暴露产生的症状加重,从而使GERD患者相关的IBS症状特征消失。近期的研究发现,IBS与NERD患者及EE患者相比存在更多的躯体化、焦虑、敌意等多种心理应激因素,IBS与NERD成正相关而与EE无关。在接受PPI按需治疗的GERD患者中,NERD患者按需治疗的失败率比EE患者更高,除了日常的反流症状、消化不良症状之外,重叠IBS是GERD患者按需治疗失败的预测因子之一。

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