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四、抗原的检测
Song等 [44]调查了脑脊液单核细胞中结核分枝杆菌抗原表达的重要意义。经过对50例结核性脑膜炎(以下简称结脑)患者与病毒性脑膜炎及健康对照组对比,分别在治疗的第一周和第二、第四周,使用免疫组化法检测ESAT-6阳性细胞。结脑患者脑脊液单核细胞ESAT-6的阳性病例和阳性细胞的比例在第一周和第二周比第四周增高( P<0.01);第一周和第二周结脑患者脑脊液单核细胞结核分枝杆菌抗原的阳性病例和阳性细胞的比例较病毒性脑膜炎和健康对照组高( P<0.01)。在结脑的早期阶段,敏感性为90%,特异性为92%。作者认为,脑脊液单核细胞中ESAT-6阳性表达对结脑的早期诊断有帮助。有作者研究了通过对脑脊液白细胞进行改良的抗酸染色和ESAT-6检测细胞内细菌的方法来提高结脑的诊断。疑似结脑患者的脑脊液标本常规抗酸染色法染色、改良抗酸染色包括离心用Triton处理涂片、ESAT-6免疫细胞化学斑点。抗酸的细菌和ESAT-6表达的白细胞用显微镜检测。与临床诊断的金标准相比,常规抗酸染色的敏感性为3.3%(95%CI 1.6%~6.7%),改良抗酸染色为82.9%(95%CI 77.4%~87.3%),ESAT-6的免疫染色为75.1%(95%CI 68.8%~80.6%)。采用改良抗酸染色胞内细菌阳性为87.8%。改良抗酸和ESAT-6斑点的特异性分别为85.0%(95%CI,69.4%~93.8%)和90.0%(95%CI,75.4%~96.7%)。通过简单改善抗酸染色及ESAT-6的细胞内斑点来加强细菌检测,可完善结脑的实验室诊断 [45]。
总之,近年来结核病的免疫学诊断研究取得了较大进展。IGRA在诊断和鉴别诊断潜伏结核感染和结核病中的应用进一步得到探索,方法学日渐改进,研究趋于大样本,研究对象细化为不同人群,高质量的临床证据不断涌现。继WHO指南后,我国推出了自己的IGRA应用指南,有利于规范各级医生的临床实践,使得IGRA的应用更为合理。另外,利用其他细胞因子和特异性抗体诊断潜伏结核感染与结核病的免疫学研究也蓬勃发展,新的生物标志物呼之欲出,令人对结核免疫学诊断的前景十分期待。
(陈雪融 陈效友 刘一典 唐神结)
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