清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)（略）

Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)

Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.

Sometimes, over a span of many Years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).

When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.

Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different—despite the stock price，Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.

Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36.10 and $54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $40.30 and $45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2.16(a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding（未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.

16. This passage is probably a part of______.

A. Find Hidden Value in the Market

B. Become Richer

C. Get Good Bargains

D. Identify Good Companies

17. The italicized word“stagnant”(Line 4, Para.1) can be best paraphrased as______.

A. prominent

B. terrible

C. unchanged

D. progressing

18. Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because______.

A. it has stored a large quantity of goods

B. it has become financially more powerful

C. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy

D. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies

19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______.

A. the cash dividend has increased

B. the earning power has become stronger

C. both businesses have continued to grow

D. the stock price has greatly decreased

20. According to the author, one had better______.

A. buy more shares when the stock price falls down

B. sell out the shares when the stock price falls down

C. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls down

D. invest in the business when its stock price falls down

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Today's college students are more narcissistic（自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.

“We need to stop endlessly repeating‘You're special’ and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said. The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.

Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.

Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced（非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”

Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.

Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed （气馁；灰心）by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”

Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”

Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,‘No, you are not special.”’

21. According to the passage, a narcissistic person may______.

A. hate criticism

B. be dishonest to his/her partner

C. be unwilling to help others

D. all the above

22. The italicized word“commended”(Line 1, Para.3) means______.

A. praised

B. criticized

C. recommended

D. disfavored

23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences.

B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.

C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.

D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.

24. It is implied that______.

A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism

B. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the study

C. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study

D. college students are pessimistic about their future

25. It is proper to be______when you hear someone say“you are special”.

A. objective

B. pessimistic

C. optimistic

D. worried

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.

The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.

Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights,” said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski，of his organization's opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion（强迫，胁迫）from unions.

Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.

Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.

The bill has other provisions（规定，条款）as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration（仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski.

The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.

26. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. House bill aims to spur labor union growth.

B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth.

C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.

D. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees' income.

27. According to its opponents, the bill______.

A. will protect employees' rights

B. will benefit workers by binding contracts

C. will empower unions too much

D. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions

28. The word“it”(Line 5, Para. 5) refers to______.

A. the change

B. the legislation

C. the AFL-CIO

D. the difference

29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT______.

A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries

B. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level

C. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on between a recently established union and a company

D. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees

30. It is implied that______.

A. fewer private industries joined unions in the past

B. workers' coercion often comes from unions

C. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employers

D. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighter

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people's views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.

Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger（趾高气扬）outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.

W. E. B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903，he predicted“the problem of 20th century [would be] the problem of the colour-line”.

Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded（带头，作为先锋）a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's 1992 movie“Malcolm X”was released.

Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the colour barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?

A. He never served in the army.

B. He learned to fight at an early age.

C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.

D. He loves peace.

32. The italicized word“prolific”(Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to______.

A. smart

B. skilled

C. productive

D. pioneering

33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of coloured people.

B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.

C. Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.

D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.

34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?

A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.

B. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death.

C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.

D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.

35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?

A. Life of famous African Americans

B. Influence of famous African Americans

C. Political pioneers:Icons and intellectuals

D. Cultural pioneers:Icons and intellectuals

Part III Vocabulary (10%)

Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

36. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weight of the building.

A. subside

B. idealize

C. initiate

D. sustain

37. The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.

A. extraterrestrial

B. explicit

C. indignant

D. innovative

38. It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.

A. inclination

B. exposure

C. flux

D. correlation

39. The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.

A. implement

B. deceive

C. exemplify

D. ignited

40. These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.

A. immersed

B. crisped

C. armored

D. arrayed

41. Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.

A. alternated

B. amplified

C. designated

D. diverged

42. Three years______before he returned home from the United States.

A. denoted

B. destined

C. elapsed

D. enveloped

43. A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.

A. deliberate

B. disincentive

C. functional

D. fantastic

44. Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X______the unknown number.

A. facilitates

B. fascinates

C. denotes

D. jots

45. The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.

A. jerked

B. incensed

C. laced

D. limped

46. The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.

A. managerial

B. lethal

C. metric

D. cordial

47. The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.

A. constraint

B. counsel

C. coherence

D. consciousness

48. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.

A. unanimous

B. abstract

C. autonomous

D. almighty

49. They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any______ones in this area?

A. evacuated

B. empty

C. vacant

D. vacate

50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly.

A. decomposed

B. denounced

C. detached

D. deduced

51. The government decided to take a______action to strengthen the market management.

A. diverse

B. durable

C. epidemic

D. drastic

52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it.

A. disgrace

B. disguise

C. defy

D. distress

53. They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter.

A. potentiality

B. sentiment

C. postscript

D. subscription

54. We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.

A. pecked

B. reconciled

C. perturbed

D. presumed

55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously______their progress to their destination in that region.

A. tugged

B. demolished

C. hampered

D. destroyed

Part IV Cloze (10%)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be　56　: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,　57　large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme　58　.

Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,　59　in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.　60　water quality may result as　61　flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural　62　could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the　63　plant and animal species living there.

Food supplies and forests would be　64　affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would　65　grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects　66　the crops.

Human health would also be affected. Warming could　67　tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful　68　of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer　69　. There will be some　70　from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will　71　new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today's colder regions more　72　. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and　73　. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now　74　will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.

The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions　75　by global warming.

56. A.ascended

B. assaulted

C. erased

D. endangered

57. A.which

B. where

C. when

D. what

58. A.dislocation.

B. discontent

C. distribution

D. distinction

59. A.rebuking

B. rambling

C. resulting

D. rallying

60. A.Increased

B. Reduced

C. Expanded

D. Saddened

61. A. inland

B. coastal

C. urban

D. suburban

62. A. dry-land

B. mountain

C. wetlands

D. forest

63. A. unique

B. precious

C. interesting

D. exciting

64. A. geologically

B. adversely

C. secretively

D. serially

65. A. shift

B. generate

C. grease

D. fuse

66. A. hiking

B. hugging

C. attacking

D. activating

67. A. endanger

B. accommodate

C. adhere

D. enlarge

68. A. profits

B. values

C. effects

D. interests

69. A. conditions

B. accommodation

C. surroundings

D. evolution

70. A. adjustments

B. benefits

C. adoptions

D. profits

71. A. alternate

B. abuse

C. advocate

D. create

72. A. accidental

B. habitable

C. anniversary

D. ambient

73. A. adapt

B. alleviate

C. agitate

D. assert

74. A. ascertained

B. conformed

C. consoled

D. anticipated

75. A. tutored

B. relayed

C. triggered

D. reflected

Part V Translation from English into Chinese (10%)

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.

Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.

For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.

Part VI Writing (15%)

Directions: You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。作为一名未来的博士研究生，你如何看待这些现象，你认为应该如何制止，以及你应该如何从自身做起。