Emperors of the Qing Dynasty

Shunzhi　1644-1661

Kangxi　 1662-1722

Yongzheng　1723-1735

Qianlong　 1736-1795

Jiaqing　 1796-1820

Daoguang　 1821-1850

Xianfeng　 1851-1861

Tongzhi　 1862-1874

Guangxu　 1875-1908

Xuantong　 1909-1911

List of Chinese Terms

Buzhengshi (布政使): the nominal head of the civil service and the treasurer of the provincial exchequer.

Changshui (常税): also called Changguan Shui (常关税), refers to the collection of Chinese domestic customs.

Dan (担): unit of measurment used to denote mass. Roughly equivalent to 50 kilograms. Also sometimes referred to as a shi (石).

Dao (道): an official responsible for multiple prefectures.

Daqian (大钱): large coins/token metal coins issued during the late Qing period.

Diding (地丁): an agricultural land tax collected in silver.

Ewai Yingyu (额外盈余): additional Yingyu, adding an Yingyu to ordinary Yingyu in some ports.

Ezheng Shu (额征数): the regular quota of a tax.

Gongbu (工部): the Ministry of Works.

Guan Shui (关税): Customs duties.

Guangchu Si (广储司): the Storage Office, a section under the Department of Internal Affairs.

Hubu (户部): the Ministry of Revenue.

Jiandu (监督): the highest official in some customs ports.

Jiangning Zhizao (江宁织造): the official responsible for weaving the emperor’s clothes, located in Jiangning, known today as Nanjing.

Jing Xiang (京饷): provisions to the capital by provinces.

Li (厘): a unit of weight (also of length and area); 1 li = 1/1000 of a tael.

Liangtou (樑头): a boat’s skipper.

Likin (厘金): an ad valorem tax levied in the late Qing and early Republic of China.

Mu (亩): unit of measurement formerly used in China to indicate an area of land.

Neiwu Fu (内务府): Department of Internal Affairs, an organisation responsible for the affairs of the royal family.

Pi (匹): unit of measurment used for rolled-up fabric. Typically about four zhang when rolled out.

Pingyu (平余): a kind of surplus silver with tax collection.

Qinglisi (清吏司): Department of Pure Functionaries.

Shilang (侍郎): an official title, assistant minister, for officials holding the rank of grade two within the traditional nine-grade civilian rank system; there were twelve assistant ministers in the Six Ministries of the central government (each ministry had two Zuo Shilang左侍郎, meaning Left Shilang, and two You Shilang右侍郎, meaning Right Shilang).

Tong Jin Shui Jiao (铜斤水脚): copper transport fee, a fee to be paid by those who bought copper and sent it to Beijing.

Xian (县): county, the lowest provincial administrative district of ancient China.

Xie Xiang (协饷): provisions sent to other provinces, if sent to the Capital will be named Jing Xiang (京饷).

Xunfu (巡抚): Viceroy, the highest official in a province; if there was a Zongdu(总督) (Governor) appointed in a province, then the Zongdu outranked the Xunfu.

Yamen (衙门): government office.

Yangshui (洋税): also called Yang Guan Shui (洋关税), maritime customs duties.

Yanli (盐厘): salt Likin.

Yanglian Yin (养廉银): anti-corruption allowance.

Yingyu (盈余): surplus of Zheng’e.

Yinku (银库): the Silver Treasury.

Zheng’e (正额): the regular amount of government revenues and expenditures.

Zhou (州): prefecture, the provincial administrative district of the Qing China above Xian (县).

Zongdu (总督): Governor, the highest ranking official in one or several province (s).

Zongli Yamen (总理衙门): the Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs Yamen.

Zongren Fu (宗人府): Imperial Clan Court, an organisation responsible for the affairs of the royal family.

Zouxiao (奏销): submitting financial reports to the throne for approval.