第16章　四项才能，集于一身

如今，世界上没有哪个人既是雕塑名家，同时又是绘画和建筑大师。可在1475年，却诞生了一位后来成了世界著名的雕塑家、画家和建筑设计师的人。他同时也是一位诗人，创作出了许多如今仍在出版印行的诗篇。非但如此，他还被人们公认为意大利“文艺复兴”时期最伟大的艺术家呢。许多人都称，他是自古希腊的菲狄亚斯以来最伟大的雕塑家。

这位了不起的天才人物，名叫博纳罗蒂。你们听说过博纳罗蒂吗？熟悉他这个名字的人可不多呢。我们都只知道他叫米开朗琪罗。米开朗琪罗是学习雕塑出身，因此他总称自己是一名雕塑家，尽管他最有名的作品，其实都是罗马西斯廷教堂里的那些壁画。

小的时候，他就用雪堆雕出了一座塑像，让有名的美第奇家族中的一个人，即当时的佛罗伦萨公爵大感惊讶呢。于是，公爵便允许这个孩子去研究他所收藏的古希腊和古罗马雕塑作品，后来又给米开朗琪罗提供了工作。有一些雕塑作品，是在地下埋藏了数个世纪之后，才再次被人们发掘出来的。你们想象得到，发现一尊早已遗失的、著名的雕塑作品后，站在周围的那些考古学家有多兴奋吗？米开朗琪

felt that carving a figure out of marble was like freeing a man from a prison made of stone.

When Michelangelo was only twenty-five years old, he carved a wonderful statue in marble called the Pietà.The statue shows Mary holding her dead Son across her lap after his Crucifixion.Some people like it better than Michelangelo’s later works because it is quieter and more tranquil than the statues he did afterward.Mary looks like a beautiful young woman instead of a grief-stricken mother of a grown man.Jesus is draped across her lap and his body is completely limp showing that there is no life left in him.People loved, and still love, Michelangelo’s idealized, beautiful view of Christ and his Mother.

It is said that during the time Michelangelo was working on the Pietà，he overheard two men discussing his work.They said that such a young man could not have carved such a near-perfect sculpture.As a result, Michelangelo took a chisel and hammer and signed his name on the back of the platform of the statue so no one would doubt that he was the artist.He rarely signed his work, for he believed it spoke for itself and all would know who the artist was-but this was an exception.

Some time after finishing the Pietà，Michelangelo was able to create a piece of work that made him famous throughout Italy.In Florence there was a huge block of marble that an earlier sculptor had begun to work on but had been unable to finish because the marble was so long and narrow.Michelangelo offered to make a statue out of this block of

罗就有过这样的经历。他曾经亲眼见证了古希腊时期拉奥孔的那尊雕塑出土；这件雕塑，描绘的就是拉奥孔和两个儿子被巨蟒缠死时的情形。难怪米开朗琪罗后来认为，用大理石雕刻出一个人物，就像是把一个人从石头制成的监牢里解放出来一样呢。

米开朗琪罗还在只有二十五岁的时候，便用大理石雕制出了一尊令人惊叹的雕塑作品，名叫《圣母怜子》。这尊雕塑，描绘了耶稣基督在十字架上受难后，圣母马利亚抱着死去的儿子，让他横躺在自己膝上的场景。相比于米开朗琪罗后来的作品，有些人更喜欢这座雕像，因为它比米开朗琪罗后来制作的那些雕像更加朴实，也更加宁静。雕像中的马利亚，看上去像是一位年轻的美丽女子，而不是一个成年人极度悲伤的母亲。耶稣横躺在她的膝上，全身毫无力气，表明他已经没有留下任何生命迹象了。对于米开朗琪罗这尊理想化的，将基督和圣母外表雕刻得非常美丽的作品，以前的人都非常喜欢，而如今人们也依然喜欢得很。

据说，就在米开朗琪罗创作这尊《圣母怜子》雕像期间，不经意中听到两个人在讨论他的作品。那两人说，这样年轻的一个小伙子是不可能雕出如此近乎完美的一座雕像来的。于是，米开朗琪罗便拿了一把锤子和一把凿子，把自己的名字刻在雕像底座的背面；这样，就没有人会再不相信他就是创作这件作品的艺术家了。他很少在自己的作品上签名，因为他相信作品本身就能说明问题，让所有的人都知道，究竟是哪位艺术家创作出了这些作品；可这一次却例外。

《圣母怜子》像完工后，过了一段时间，米开朗琪罗又完成了一件作品，使得他在意大利变得声名大噪了。当时，佛罗伦萨有一块巨大的大理石，以前曾经有一位雕塑家试着雕琢过，可最终并未完成，因为那块大理石的形状实在是太过狭

marble.He was given permission to carve it and went to work.The block was set on end and enclosed by a fence so Michelangelo could work in peace.He finished in three years, and crowds of people came to see what he had done.

The statue was colossal. It was eighteen feet high and showed the Old Testament figure of David with his sling ready to fight the giant Goliath.Strange to say, everyone in Florence called the statue The Giant, although it was of a man who killed a giant.It is gigantic in size, weighing nine tons.People loved this statue of an ideal young man-the shepherd boy who defeated a giant and who would become king and compose the Psalms that so many know.

Michelangelo was a very careful student of anatomy-the study of the muscles and other parts of the body. He studied the bodies of people and even cut up dead bodies so he could learn about the muscles under the skin, which were key to making a statue look lifelike.He knew so much about muscles that he carved some of his statues in strained and unusual positions, showing the proper play of muscles under the skin.

You can see how Michelangelo's understanding of anatomy helped him make David look so lifelike. The original statue of David is in the Galleria

长了。米开朗琪罗提出，由自己来将这块大理石雕刻成一尊雕像。他获得了允许，便开始雕刻了。人们将这块大理石立起来，并用篱笆围住，好让米开朗琪罗可以安静地工作。三年之后，米开朗琪罗完工了，人们便蜂拥而至，都想看看他雕的究竟是什么。

这座雕像的尺寸异常庞大。它高达十八英尺，描绘的是《圣经·旧约》中大卫这个人物手持弹弓，准备与巨人哥利亚战斗时的场景。说来也怪，尽管这尊雕像实际上描绘的是一位杀死了巨人的英雄，可佛罗伦萨人却全都将这尊雕像称为“巨人”呢。它的尺寸的确异常巨大，竟然重达九吨。人们都很喜欢这座描绘了理想中的年轻小伙子的雕像；其中的大卫本是一个牧童，却打败了巨人哥利亚，后来还当上了国王，并且创作出了众所周知的《诗篇》。

米开朗琪罗还认真地研究了解剖学，这是研究人体肌肉和其他身体部位的一门学科。他研究了人们的身体结构，甚至还解剖过死尸，以了解皮肤之下肌肉的情况；而这一点，正是让一座人体雕像显得栩栩如生的关键之处。由于他对人体肌肉了如指掌，因此还雕刻出了一些姿势不太自然、比较罕见的雕塑作品，表现出了皮肤之下肌肉的特有变化。

你们可以看出，米开朗琪罗娴熟的解剖学知识，极大地帮助了他，才使他将《大卫》这尊雕像雕刻得栩栩如生。这座雕像的原件，如今保存在艺术学院美术

dell’Accademia, a school of art in Italy, where it stands under a dome and is bathed in natural light from a window above.I remember the first time I went to see the statue.After waiting in the long line that gathers every day, I entered the gallery, turned the comer, and saw this famous statue in the distance at the end of a long hall.It was so lifelike that I thought I saw David’s chest move as if he were breathing.Perhaps that may be one reason many consider Michelangelo’s David to be the most famous statue of all.

For the tomb of one of the popes in Rome, Michelangelo carved a statue of Moses, the Old Testament figure who led the Jews out of Egypt and received the tablets of the Ten Commandments from God. Of course, Michelangelo did not know what Moses really looked like.He had no pictures of Moses to go by, so he carved what he thought a hero like Moses ought to look like.He even carved horns on his Moses！You can see them in the picture.You remember, perhaps, how the Bible says the face of Moses shone with light when he came down from Mount Sinai.In early Italian versions of the Bible, the rays of light coming from the head of Moses were called horns due to a mistranslation of the Hebrew word light.And for this reason, people of Michelangelo's time thought Moses had horns.The statue is forceful，

馆里，那是意大利的一所美术学校。这座雕像，矗立在一个圆形屋顶之下，沐浴在由天窗透下来的自然光线中。我还记得，自己第一次看到这尊雕像时的情形。在每天都有的长长队伍里等候多时之后，我进入了美术馆，拐过了一个角落，便远远地看到，这尊著名的雕塑作品屹立在长长的大厅的那一头。雕像极其逼真，我觉得自己好像看到大卫的胸膛在起伏，仿佛他正在呼吸一样。或许，这就是许多人认为米开朗琪罗的《大卫》是有史以来最著名的雕塑作品的一个原因吧。

米开朗琪罗还给罗马一位教皇的坟墓创作了一尊摩西的雕像。摩西是《圣经·旧约》中的一个人物，曾经率领犹太人逃离埃及，并得到了上帝赐予的、刻有《十诫》的那块石板。当然，米开朗琪罗并不知道摩西真正的长相是个什么样子。他没有摩西的画像可以参考，因此便按照自己心中所想的，像摩西这样的英雄人物应有的样子来雕刻。他雕刻出来的摩西，头上竟然还长着两只犄角呢！在下图中，你们就可以看到这两只犄角。没准你们都还记得，《圣经》中说，摩西从西奈山上下来时，脸上闪烁着光芒。在早期的意大利文版《圣经》中，由于误译了希伯来语中的“光芒”一词，所以摩西头上发出的光芒，就被误称为“犄角”了。因此，米开朗琪罗那个时代的人，都以为摩西头上是长着犄角的。这尊雕像非常有力，既宏伟

majestic, and powerful.All who see it, remember it.

Michelangelo made statues for the tombs of two members of the Medici family that are as famous as Moses. The Medici family was one of the most powerful in all of Florence.They were patrons-wealthy or influential supporters who provided everything artists such as Michelangelo needed to live and work.These tombs are in the Medicis'private chapel in Florence.Michelangelo placed two figures, a man and a woman, on each tomb.The two figures on one of the tombs are known as Morning and Evening and those on the other are known as Day and Night.Above these figures, Michelangelo placed portrait statues of the men whose tombs they were.One of the portrait statues is known as The Thinker and the other as The Warrior.

Michelangelo lived to be eighty-nine years old and died in 1564. He is remembered not only for his sculpture but also for his paintings, such as those on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and for his architecture, such as the dome of St.Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

庄严，又威风凛凛。所有的人看过这尊雕像后，都会终生难忘呢。

米开朗琪罗也给美第奇家族中两位成员的坟墓制作过雕像，它们都与《摩西像》一样，声名赫赫。美第奇家族是佛罗伦萨历史上最有势力的家族之一。他们都是所谓的“恩主”，即给像米开朗琪罗这样的艺术家提供生活和创作所需一切的有钱人，或者有权有势的资助者。这两座坟墓，都位于佛罗伦萨美第奇家族的私人小教堂里。米开朗琪罗为每座坟墓都雕刻了一男一女两尊人物雕像。其中一座墓地的两尊雕像，分别叫作《晨》与《昏》，而另一座墓地的两尊雕像，则称为《昼》与《夜》。在这几座雕像的上方，米开朗琪罗还为墓主人制作了肖像雕塑。其中的一尊肖像雕塑被称为《思想家》，而另一尊则称为《勇士》。

米开朗琪罗活到了八十九岁高龄，逝世于1564年。如今，由于他那些高超的雕塑艺术作品，还有像西斯廷教堂天花板上的绘画，以及像梵蒂冈圣彼得大教堂这样的建筑，米开朗琪罗被世人永远铭记着。