第12章　石雕中的故事

对于那些到哪里都带着锤子，把凡是找得到的雕塑统统都砸碎的人，你们会叫他们什么呢？你们很可能会说他们都是疯子，应当把他们都关起来吧。

你们说得对，如今这样的人是会被关起来的。但在很久以前，公元800年左右的时候，人们却并不觉得这样的人是疯子，也没有人想要去把他们关起来呢。他们之所以砸碎雕像，是因为他们觉得，雕塑作品太像偶像了，而崇拜偶像则是没有遵守上帝关于“你们不可制作雕刻的偶像”，或者雕刻上帝形象的诫条。他们认为，教堂里尤其不应当放置这样的偶像或者画像呢。

在希腊语里，“偶像”一词是icon，因此这些人被称为“偶像破坏者”（iconoclast），就是指打碎偶像的人。他们打碎了大量雕塑，毁掉了许多的画作和马赛克作品，而那些可怜的艺术家要想继续创作雕塑作品的话，就只能搬离有偶像破坏者的城市了。有的时候，艺术家们还会被偶像破坏者们抓住并杀掉呢。

对于砸碎、焚毁和掩埋偶像的问题，希腊教会争论了一百多年的时间。你们可能会觉得这样做令人惊讶，但一百年的时间过去之后，教会的确完全接受了偶像，甚至还鼓励人们进行偶像创作呢。

下面我就来说一说教会这样做的理由。一些宗教领袖们说，倘若基督就是上帝在尘世间的化身的话，那么不准世间有他的人形画像，就与否认他是一个人没什么

that he was a man.So images of Christ-flat ones and in low relief-were made once again.It took hundreds of years more before any sculpture in-the-round of Christ would be seen.

Once the church made its decision, many beautiful bas-reliefs of Christ were made in ivory, silver, and gold. The carvings in ivory were used as the covers of books, writing tablets, and little boxes.The place to see them now is in museums where they are kept carefully in glass cases.When you look at them, remember the iconoclasts and why there were no good statues in-the-round or any Christian images at all, in low relief or painted, for a long time after the Romans.

As you learned earlier, some artists left Byzantium-the old name for Constantinople, which in turn was the old name for Istanbul in Turkey-because of the iconoclasts. The next tradition of sculpture took place several hundred years later in France under the great king Charlemagne who was crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor.So it is to France and the Middle Ages that we turn for our next great statues.And, strangely enough, these statues were all carved for churches-just what the iconoclasts didn't want！In fact, the churches were completely covered with statues, which were made of the same kind of stone as the buildings and not of marble like the Greek and Roman statues.These statues were really part of the churches.The cathedral at Chartres in France has no less than ten thousand figures of men and animals on it.They are everywhere-over the doorways, on the columns, on the roof, under the windows, on the walls.Even the waterspouts are carved in the forms of imaginary animals.

两样。因此，人们便开始再次制作基督的形象了，有些是平面形象，有些则是浅浮雕作品。后来又过了几百年，世间才出现为基督所雕刻的立体圆雕。

教会一旦做出决定，人们便用象牙、白银和黄金，雕刻出了许多精美的浅浮雕基督塑像。那些象牙雕塑，多用于做书籍封面、写字板和小盒子。如今，我们只能在博物馆里才能看到这些作品了，它们都被小心翼翼地保存在玻璃箱里。在观赏它们的时候，你们的心中必须记得曾经的那些偶像破坏者，记得古罗马帝国灭亡之后很长一段时间里，为什么世上既无优秀的立体圆雕，也完全没有任何基督教的雕像，无论是浅浮雕还是画像才是。

你们在前面已经得知，由于偶像破坏者的压迫，有些艺术家离开了拜占庭。拜占庭是土耳其君士坦丁堡的旧称，而君士坦丁堡又是伊斯坦布尔的旧称。雕塑艺术的下一种传统，则源自数百年后查理曼大帝统治下的法国；查理曼大帝，曾经还被加冕成为神圣罗马帝国的皇帝呢。因此，接下来那些伟大的雕塑作品，我们便应当转而到法国和中世纪去寻找了。并且，非常奇怪的是，这些雕塑作品都是为各个教堂雕刻出来的，而偶像破坏者却正是不希望看到这种情况呢！事实上，当时各大教堂的外墙上全都布满了雕塑作品，而所用的材料，则是与修建教堂时所用的同一种石头，并不是像古希腊和古罗马雕塑所用的大理石。这些雕塑作品，事实上已经成了教堂的一个组成部分。法国的沙特尔大教堂，竟然雕有一万多个人物和动物形象哩。它们无处不在：教堂入口上方、圆柱上、屋顶上、窗户下、墙上，全都是雕像。连教堂的排水口，也被雕成了人们想象出来的动物形象呢。

Most people in the Middle Ages could neither read nor write, so these sculptures on the churches took the place of books. They told people the stories of the Bible and the saints, and they were useful as well as ornamental.

They are called Gothic figures because churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages were built in the Gothic style. The Gothic figures on a cathedral are of almost every living thing you can think of.There are scenes from the Bible, statues of saints, carvings of animals and flowers, pictures of the seasons, and images of different kinds of work like farming, writing, wood chopping, and fighting.There are figures of men and women as well as real and make-believe creatures.And each of these figures was made for the particular part of the cathedral where it was placed.The statues were not stuck on after the cathedral was built.They were a part of it, built into it, and made of the same stone.

Have you ever had a sore throat and had to gargle?On the Gothic churches there are statues that gargle. They don't have sore throats, of course, but they gargle every time it rains.They are rainspouts with holes in them so water can run out through their mouths.Like the statues that told the stories of the Bible, they are useful as well as

在中世纪，绝大多数人都既不认字，也不会写字；因此，各大教堂里的这些雕塑作品，便发挥了书本的作用。它们向人们描述了《圣经》和圣徒们的故事；并且，除了装饰，它们也还具有许多的实际用途呢。

这些雕塑品都被称为哥特式雕塑，因为中世纪的礼拜堂和大教堂，都是用哥特式风格修建起来的。一座大教堂上的哥特式雕塑，几乎涵盖了你们能够想到的所有生物。其中既有《圣经》中的场景、圣徒塑像、动物和花草雕像、关于四季的绘画，也有人物在从事各种劳作的塑像，比如耕田、写字、砍柴以及打仗等。其中既有男人、女人，也有真实的和虚幻的生物。而且，其中的每一种雕塑，都是根据它在整个大教堂所处的特定部位而量身制作出来的。这些雕塑，可不是在大教堂建成之后再粘贴上去的。它们属于教堂的一部分，与教堂融为了一体，并且是用同样的石头雕刻而成的。

你们有没有过喉咙痛，因而必须漱口的经历呢？在哥特式的教堂上，也有漱口的雕塑呢。当然，它们并不是喉咙痛；可每次下雨，它们都会漱口。这些雕塑就是排水口，其中有孔，因而雨水可以通过它们的口中排出去。与那些讲述《圣经》故

ornamental.They are called gargoyles, and you could say that they do indeed gargle.

The gargoyles were carved in the shapes of the oddest animals you can think of. Some have heads like monkeys, some have three heads, and some have their tongues sticking out as if they were making faces.Some have claws like eagles while others have hands like men.

The imaginary animals that weren't made to gargle are called grotesques. Most of them are up near the roof like the gargoyles and seem to be looking down and laughing at the people on the ground.The sculptors of medieval cathedrals must have enjoyed carving their grotesques and gargoyles.Now what do you think the iconoclasts would say to that?

事的雕塑一样，它们既有装饰作用，又有实际用途。它们被称为“雨漏”；你们也可以说，下雨的时候，它们的确是在漱口呢。

这些雨漏，都雕成了人们能够想到的最古怪的野兽模样。有些雨漏的头部像猴子，有些雨漏有三个头，还有些雕塑则将舌头伸出来，好像是在做鬼脸似的。有些雨漏上雕着鹰隼般的爪子，还有一些则雕着像人类一样的双手。

而那些不是用于做雨漏、纯属想象出来的动物雕塑，则被称为“怪兽”。其中的绝大多数，都像雨漏一样雕在靠近屋顶的高处，好像是在居高临下地看着并嘲讽地面上的人似的。中世纪建造大教堂的那些雕塑家们，一定都很喜欢雕刻这种怪兽和雨漏吧。如今，你们觉得那些偶像破坏者，对此又会做何评价呢？