第11章　半身像和浮雕

爸爸妈妈或者老师有没有告诉过你们，让你们不要说bust这个词呢？“要是他再吃东西的话，他的肚子就会bust（撑破）了！”这样说，不是正确的英语。我很赞同你们爸爸妈妈或者老师的说法。你们应当说“burst（撑破）”才对。

不过，现在我打算告诉你们正确使用bust这个词的方法；这样的话，你们的爸爸妈妈或者老师，就会乐意听到你们说这个词语了。在不标准的英语里，bust与burst可以混用，指“爆炸，撑破”。但在标准英语里，bust却是指一件只刻画出了一个人上半身的雕塑作品，通常包括头部、脖子、肩膀和胸部，有时也只有头部和脖子，即“半身像”的意思。一尊制作得与某个特定人物看上去很像的半身像，称为人物半身雕像。你们看到这种人物半身雕像时，可能会说：“看上去那真像是某某人呀！”

虽说古埃及人制作出了一些非常优秀的人物半身雕像，但此种雕像制作得最为精美的，还要算是古罗马人。古罗马人制作出来的半身像都非常逼真，看上去就像是你们如今可能看到的正在大街上走路的真人那样。你们很可能都还记得，尽管许多古希腊人并没有长着一个希腊鼻，可古希腊雕塑家还是给绝大多数雕像都安上了希腊鼻。古罗马人则不然，他们喜欢将半身像雕得像真人一样。假如一个人长着歪鼻子或者双下巴，那么雕塑家就会给他雕出一个长着歪鼻子或者双下巴的半身像来。要是那个人满脸愁容，雕塑家也会照葫芦画瓢，把那个人的半身像雕刻得愁容满面。

Each Roman family that could afford it had busts made of all the members of the family. These busts were handed down in the family so that an old family had a great many busts of its ancestors around the house.Whenever there was a death in the family, all the family portrait busts were carried down the street in the funeral procession.If you had watched one of these processions, you could have seen how much a grandson looked like the bust of his grandfather that he was carrying.

Each Roman emperor, including Augustus, had hundreds of busts made of himself to be sent to all the important cities in the Roman Empire.

Except for the busts, the Romans didn't think they were as good as the Greeks at making statues in-the-round. So when they conquered Greece, they brought back to Rome all the famous Greek statues they could find.They brought back Greek sculptors, too, and made them carve statues in Rome.Many of the statues made in Rome were not original but copies of famous Greek statues.It's lucky for us the copies were made because so many of the

在古罗马，凡是承担得起这笔费用的家庭，都会给所有的家人制作这样一尊半身雕像。这些半身像被家人一代一代地传承下来，因此一个历史悠久的家族，家里会到处都是祖先的半身雕像呢。只要有家人去世，家族的所有半身雕像就会被搬出来，加入大街上送葬的队伍当中。假如亲眼见过一支这样的送葬队伍，那你们一定可以看出，孙子的模样与他手中捧着的爷爷那尊半身雕像有多么的相像。

每一位古罗马皇帝，其中也包括奥古斯都，都曾命人为自己制作过数百座半身雕像，并且将这些雕像分送到罗马帝国的各个重要城市里去。

除了半身雕像，古罗马人都认为他们不像古希腊人那样擅长于制作圆雕。因此，古罗马人征服希腊之后，便把自己凡是能够找到的，古希腊的所有著名雕像都带回了罗马。他们也带回了一些古希腊的雕塑家，让这些人在罗马制作雕像。因此，在古罗马制作的许多雕塑都不是原创作品，而是古希腊那些著名雕塑作品的仿制品。我们倒是觉得，幸亏古罗马人制作出了这些仿制品，因为古希腊许多伟

great Greek statues were lost.If we hadn’t been able to dig up Roman copies of them, we wouldn’t know at all what they were like.

You remember Myron's The Discus Thrower. The bronze statue that Myron himself made disappeared and has never been found.But the Romans admired it, described it carefully in writing, and copied it several times in stone, and so we know what it was like.The Romans used stone instead of bronze, maybe because they wanted to save metal for their armies or maybe because it was easier to carve than cast metal.But as you probably remember, stone cannot support itself as bronze can so the figures needed an extra piece of support, like a carved tree stump, to keep it from falling over and breaking.

Although the Romans weren't as good as the Greeks at making statues in-the-round, they did make some excellent bas-reliefs. Many young people like the reliefs showing the campaigns of the Emperor Trajan.They show the Roman soldiers

大的雕塑作品都已经遗失了。倘若我们没能发掘出古罗马的这些仿制品的话，那么我们根本就不知道原作是个什么样子了。

你们都还记得米隆创作的那尊《掷铁饼者》吧。米隆亲手制作的那座青铜雕像已经不复存在了，并且此后一直都没有找到。可古罗马人却对这尊雕塑作品崇拜得很，非但在文献资料中详尽地进行了描述，还多次将其复制成石雕，因此我们如今才知道原作是个什么样子呢。古罗马人习惯于用石头而不是用青铜来制作雕塑，或许是因为他们想省下金属来用于军队，又或许是因为石头雕刻起来要比铸造金属更容易一些吧。不过，你们很可能都还记得，石头不如青铜那样能够支撑住自身的重量，因此石雕需要另加支撑物，比如一个雕刻而成的树桩，才能不让雕像倒下来摔碎。

尽管古罗马人不如古希腊人那样擅长于雕刻立体圆雕，但他们也制作出了一些极其精美的浅浮雕。许多年轻人，都喜欢那些描绘图拉真大帝征战四方的浮雕作品。这些浮雕，描绘了古罗马士兵们行军、宿营、作战、攻取城市、抓获俘虏和带

marching, camping, fighting, taking a city, capturing prisoners, and carrying off the spoils of war.Trajan’s campaign was carved on a marble column and the sculptured band winds around the column from the bottom to the top like a corkscrew.The column is still standing in Rome and is called Trajan’s Column.There are so many tiny figures that the story depicted is very difficult for us to interpret as we look up the column.But in the time of the Romans, the scenes were probably seen in the same way that a television account of war might be today.

Another famous relief is carved on the Altar of Peace of Augustus, which the Roman Senate ordered to be erected in 13 B. C.when the Emperor Augustus came back from putting down revolts in the western part of the Roman Empire.

So if anyone should ask you what kind of sculpture the Romans did best, just tell them，“Reliefs and busts.”

着战利品凯旋的场景。图拉真大帝的征战场景，都雕刻在一根大理石柱上；柱子上那条带状的浮雕图案，就像螺旋一样，从柱子底部蜿蜒而上，直达柱顶。这根石柱，如今依然屹立在罗马，被称为“图拉真圆柱”。柱子上雕有众多的人物形象，因此我们在仰望石柱时，很难说清上面描绘的都是些什么样的情节。可在古罗马时代，人们在观看这些场景的时候，很可能就像如今我们在电视上看战争纪录片一样呢。

还有一件有名的浮雕作品，雕刻在“奥古斯都和平祭坛”上；这座祭坛，是古罗马元老院下令于公元前13年建造而成的，当时正值奥古斯都大帝平定了古罗马帝国西部的叛乱之后，班师返回罗马的时候。

因此，倘若有人问你们，古罗马人最擅长于哪种雕塑艺术的话，你们就可以告诉他们说：“是浮雕和半身雕像。”