智能营销传播新论
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五 小结

本文在霍特林线形城市模型基础上,用历史观察法建立了一个多期模型,用以检验网络效应以及有关因素对在线市场结构的影响,并对产业有关现象和发展趋势进行了讨论。本文的主要结论是,网络效应具有对企业初始优势放大的功能,在一定条件下,将会出现“赢家通吃”局面,这印证了此前诸多研究的发现;此外,在线市场的规模扩大不仅不会导致市场集中度降低,反而会加速市场的集中,这与传统市场显著不同。最后,本文认为,在线市场的垂直化发展,细分领域“一家独大”或“独角兽”现象,在线市场竞争的生态化趋势及其对垂直市场的再整合,都是由平台规避和利用网络效应的策略性行为导致的,这与模型的结论一致。


[1] 史学军,博士,北京大学新闻与传播学院广告学系副教授、硕士生导师。

[2] Sutton区分了两种情况:当企业用于开发市场的投入(即“沉没成本”,主要是指广告、研发等成本)外生时,市场集中度随着市场规模扩大而降低;当这些投入作为竞争策略内生化时,市场集中度随着市场规模的扩大出现先下降后上升,但是不会无限制上升,而是收敛于一个集中度水平。参见Sutton,J.,Sunk cost and market structurePrice competitionadvertisingand the evolution of concentration,The MIT Press,1991。

[3] Haucap,Justus and Ulrich Heimeshoff,“Google,Facebook,Amazon,eBay:Is the Internet driving competition or market monopolization?” International Economics and Economic Policy,11,1-2(2014):49-61.

[4] Jones,Roy and Haim Mendelson,“Information goods vs.industrial goods:Cost structure and competition,” Management Science,57,1(2011):164-176.

[5] Katz,Michael L. and Carl Shapiro,“Network externalities,competition and compatibility,” American Economic Review,75,3(1985):424-440.

[6] Rochet,J.C. & Tirole,J.,“Platform competition in two-sided markets,” Journal of the European Economic Association,1,4(2003):990-1029.

[7] Baker,C.Edwin,Advertising and a democratic press,Princeton University Press,1995;Gabszewicz,Jean,J.,Paolo G.Garella,and Nathalie Sonnac,“‘Newspapers’market shares and the theory of the circulation spiral,” Information Economics and Policy,19,3-4(2007):405-413.

[8] Lee,Eocman,Jeho Lee and Jongseok Lee,“Reconsideration of the winner-take-all hypothesis:Complex networks and local bias,” Management Science,52,12(2006):1838-1848.

[9] Huotari,Pontus,et al.,“Winner does not take all:Selective attention and local bias in platform-based markets,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change,114(2017):313-326.

[10] 〔美〕戴维·S.埃文斯:《平台经济学:多边平台产业论文集》,周勤等译,经济科学出版社,2016。

[11] Ayal,Adi,“Monopolization via voluntary network effects,” Antitrust LJ,76(2009):799-822.

[12] McIntyre,David,P. & Asda,Chintakananda,“Competing in network markets:Can the winner take all?” Business Horizons,57,1(2014):117-125.

[13] Resende,Joana,“The economic advantage of being the ‘voice of the majority’,” Journal of Media Economics,21,3(2008):158-190.

[14] Griva,Krina and Nikolaos Vettas,“Price competition in a differentiated products duopoly under network effects,” Information Economics and Policy,23,1(2011):85-97.

[15] Working,Holbrook and Harold Hotelling,“Applications of the theory of error to the interpretation of trends,” Journal of the American Statistical Association,24,165A(1929):73-85.

[16] Katz & Shapiro,“Network externalities,competition and compatibility,” American Economic Review,75,3(1985):424-440.

[17] Huotari,Pontus,et al.,“Winner does not take all:Selective attention and local bias in platform-based markets,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change,114(2017):313-326.

[18] Lee,Eocman,Jeho Lee and Jongseok Lee,“Reconsideration of the winner-take-all hypothesis:Complex networks and local bias,” Management Science,52,12(2006):1838-1848.

[19] Gabszewicz,Jean,J.,Paolo,G.Garella and Nathalie Sonnac,“‘Newspapers’market shares and the theory of the circulation spiral,” Information Economics and Policy,19,3-4(2007):405-413.

[20] P.Huotari,Järvi,Korteleinen & Huhtamäki,“Winner does not take all:Selective attention and local bias in platform-based markets,” Technological Forecasting & Social Change,114(2017):313-326.

[21] Griva & Vettas,“Price competition in a differentiated products duopoly under network effects,” Information Economics and Policy,23(2011):85-97.

[22] Tirole,Jean,The theory of industrial organization,the MIT Press,1988.

[23] 关于初始条件和不同均衡结果之间关系的详细讨论,可以参见Andreu Mas-Colell et al.,Microeconomic theory,Oxford University Press,1995。

[24] 欧狄:《Uber CEO 说在中国一年亏 10 亿美元,我们梳理了他们和滴滴的补贴大战》,https://www.ifanr.com/621527,最后访问日期:2019年4月20日。

[25] 新起点谈科技:《滴滴优步合并案:合并前曾打补贴战,至今双方一直未盈利》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1617278707494354146&wfr=spider&for=pc,最后访问日期:2019年4月20日。

[26] 邱月烨:《腾讯为什么害怕抖音?抖音又为什么愤怒?》,2018年5月25日,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1601358282714973919&wfr=spider&for=pc,最后访问日期:2019年4月20日。