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A Review of Researches on the Structural System of Higher Education Abroad
LIU Zhiyuan
Abstract：The study of the structural system of higher education is both a historical and a contemporary issue. Combining with new changes and trends in this field，this paper attempts to explore 5 basic elements from a comparative perspective，namely，hierarchy structure，discipline structure，type structure，layout structure，and management system structure. It also concludes 4 pairs of relationships，namely，the relationships between the higher education structural system and the higher education system，the labor market，modern university governance，and the internationalization of higher education. The paper also discusses 3 basic characteristics in the study of the structural system of higher education abroad，namely，its historical consistency，its highlighting the characteristics of the times and regional differences，and its reflection of the on-going reform demands.
Keywords：Structural System of Higher Education；Higher Education System；Labor Market；Modern University Governance；Internationalization of Higher Education
[1]基金项目：本文受全国教育科学“十三五”规划2019年度教育部青年项目“美国研究型大学教师发展组织结构变革研究”（EDA190476）的资助。
[2]作者简介：刘之远，博士，广东外语外贸大学英语教育学院讲师，主要研究方向为高等教育学、比较高等教育。
[3]在《科学家在社会中的角色》（The Scientist's Role in Society：A Comparative Study）这部科学社会学的扛鼎之作中，本-戴维认为美国大学特别是研究型大学的出现推动了体制化、专业化科学研究的兴起，而学系、研究生院等要素构成了大学促进科学研究的稳定结构，促进了学科的增长与职业科学家群体的出现。因此，本-戴维将大学称为美国科学研究专业化的“内部条件”（Internal Condition），与“外部条件”——分权与竞争（Decentralization and Competition）相对应。详见Ben-David（1971：155）。
[4]该报告显示，2015年OECD国家中约有30%的本科毕业生未能如期获得学位。
[5]相对于传统韦伯式官僚管理模式，新管理主义的“新”强调经济、效率和效能，推动政府将私营机构的经营理念及成功的管理工具和技术应用到公共服务部门，并形成绩效评估、成本控制、财务管理、质量保障等一套完善的保障机制。参见张银霞（2012）。