ChainMap

ChainMap is an extremely nice data type which was introduced in Python 3.3. It behaves like a normal dictionary but according to the Python documentation: "is provided for quickly linking a number of mappings so they can be treated as a single unit". This is usually much faster than creating one dictionary and running multiple update calls on it. ChainMap can be used to simulate nested scopes and is useful in templating. The underlying mappings are stored in a list. That list is public and can be accessed or updated using the maps attribute. Lookups search the underlying mappings successively until a key is found. By contrast, writes, updates, and deletions only operate on the first mapping.

A very common use case is providing defaults, so let's see an example:

>>> from collections import ChainMap
>>> default_connection = {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}
>>> connection = {'port': 5678}
>>> conn = ChainMap(connection, default_connection)  # map creation
>>> conn['port']  # port is found in the first dictionary
5678
>>> conn['host']  # host is fetched from the second dictionary
'localhost'
>>> conn.maps  # we can see the mapping objects
[{'port': 5678}, {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}]
>>> conn['host'] = 'packtpub.com'  # let's add host
>>> conn.maps
[{'port': 5678, 'host': 'packtpub.com'},
 {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}]
>>> del conn['port']  # let's remove the port information
>>> conn.maps
[{'host': 'packtpub.com'}, {'host': 'localhost', 'port': 4567}]
>>> conn['port']  # now port is fetched from the second dictionary
4567
>>> dict(conn)  # easy to merge and convert to regular dictionary
{'host': 'packtpub.com', 'port': 4567}

I just love how Python makes your life easy. You work on a ChainMap object, configure the first mapping as you want, and when you need a complete dictionary with all the defaults as well as the customized items, you just feed the ChainMap object to a dict constructor. If you have never coded in other languages, such as Java or C++, you probably won't be able to appreciate fully how precious this is, and how Python makes your life so much easier. I do, I feel claustrophobic every time I have to code in some other language.