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IoT ecosystem

These industries will rely on the hardware, software, and services provided by the bulk of the IT industry. Nearly every major technology company is investing or has invested heavily in IoT space. New markets and technologies have already formed (and some have collapsed or been acquired). Throughout this book, we will touch on nearly every segment in information technology, as they all have a role in IoT:

Sensors: Embedded systems, real-time operating systems, energy-harvesting sources, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMs).
Sensor communication systems: Wireless personal area networks reach from 0 cm to 100 m. Low-speed and low-power communication channels, often non-IP based have a place in sensor communication.
Local area networks: Typically, IP-based communication systems such as 802.11 Wi-Fi used for fast radio communication, often in peer-to-peer or star topologies.
Aggregators, routers, gateways: Embedded systems providers, cheapest vendors (processors, DRAM, and storage), module vendors, passive component manufacturers, thin client manufacturers, cellular and wireless radio manufacturers, middleware providers, fog framework providers, edge analytics packages, edge security providers, certificate management systems.
WAN: Cellular network providers, satellite network providers, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) providers. Typically using internet transport protocols targeted for IoT and constrained devices like MQTT, CoAP, and even HTTP.
Cloud: Infrastructure as a service provider, platform as a service provider, database manufacturers, streaming and batch processing manufacturers, data analytics packages, software as a service provider, data lake providers, Software-Defined Networking/Software-Defined Perimeter providers, and machine learning services.
Data analytics: As the information propagates to the cloud en-mass. Dealing with volumes data and extracting value is the job of complex event processing, data analytics, and machine learning techniques.
Security: Tying the entire architecture together is security. Security will touch every component from physical sensors to the CPU and digital hardware, to the radio communication systems, to the communication protocols themselves. Each level needs to ensure security, authenticity, and integrity. There cannot be the weak link in a chain, as the IoT will form the largest attack surface on earth.

This ecosystem will need talents from the body of engineering disciplines, such as device physics scientists developing new sensor technologies and many-year batteries. Embedded system engineers working on driving sensors at the edge. Network engineers capable of working in a personal area network or wide area network as well as a Software-Defined Networking. Data scientists working on novel machine learning schemes at the edge and in the cloud. DevOps engineers to successfully deploy scalable cloud solutions as a well as fog solutions. IoT will also need service vendors such as solution provision firms, system integrators, value-added resellers, and OEMs.