Exercises

1.Answer the bellowing questions by reading the text.

（1） Generally amines are how to be classfied?

（2） What are the factors of affecting the basicity of amine? How to quantify the basicity of amine?

（3） What nature of a substance could affect its boiling point? Why do tertiary amines have lower boiling points among isomeric amines?

（4） Which compounds are usually used as nucleophiles in substitute reaction of amines?

（5） Why can penicillin kill bacterias?

2.Complete the text below. Choose no more than three words for each answer.

Amine is an important nitrogen-containing organic compound. As a nucleophile，amines are the prototypical 1 ，basicity is quantified by 2 value. Basicity of alkyl group amines is more than that of 3 amines，and 4 than that of cylic amines.Amines can occur reactions of different type，including 5 ， 6 ， 7 and 8 etc. The typical substitution process is the cyclization of a 9 amines，in which the halide ion is 10 by the nitrogen atom，and 11 is usually a potent starting agent. In addition reactions，amines react with aldehyde or ketone to form an 12 ，with 13 to give an amide. In diazonimu reactions，the most important electrophile is 14 ，which with 15 amine to form a diazonium salt and with secondary amine to produce a 16 . 17 diazonium compounds are more stable than their aliphatic analogs，so they provide an 18 to prepare 19 derivatives in aromatic substitution reaction.

3. Put the following paragraph into Chinese.

Several nitrogen-containing compounds undergo rearrangement via a nitrene intermediate，which contains a neutral，electrophilic nitrogen atom. A nitrene is formally the same as a carbene with regard to distribution of the electrons. In the Hofmann rearrangement，a primary amide is treated with hydroxide ion and bromine，producing carbon dioxide and a primary amine that has one less carbon atom. Under the reactions conditions，the R group migrates from the carbon to the nitrogen atom with concomitant movement of an electron pair from nitrogen，generating an isocyanate. An isocyanate has an electrophilic carbon atom，so it reacts readily with a nucleophile. Addition of hydroxide ion to the carbonyl group of an isocyanate leads to production of a carbamic acid，after protonation. A carbamic acid is generally unstable and decarboxylates to form an amine and carbon dioxide.

References

[1] CAREY F A. Organic Chemistry [M]. 3rd ed. Columbus: The McGraw-Hill Companies，1996.

[2] SORRELL T N. Organic Chemistry [M]. 2nd ed. California: University Science Books，1999.