Unit 4 介词和介词短语

专题一 介词和介词短语的分类

一、介词的定义

用来表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系的词称为介词。介词是虚词，很少重读，不可单独作句子成分，需要同其后的词构成介宾短语共同充当句子成分。

二、介词的分类

1．按形态分类可分为以下五类。

（1）简单介词：at，about，above，across，after，against，for，along，around，before，behind，below，between，by，down，up，except，over，since，with...

（2）合成介词：inside，outside，onto，into，nearby，throughout，without，upon...

（3）短语介词：according to，away from，in front of，instead of，in place of，near to，next to，out of，thanks to，together with，up to，as for，because of...

（4）双重介词：from under，from behind，up until，across from

（5）分词介词：considering，including

2．按词义分类可分为以下五类。

（1）表示地点：at，around，round，on，above，below，in，over，across from...

（2）表示时间：at，on，in，after，before，since，for，between，from…to…

（3）表示原因：for，to，because of，thanks to

（4）表示方法手段：with，in，by，without...

（5）表示所属或伴随：of，with，without，except，besides，instead of

三、介词短语的分类

1．介宾短语：at night在夜间 at noon在中午 at once立刻 at first起初 at work在上班 at present目前 after all毕竟 in all合计 at...speed以……速度 all in all总的来说 by the way顺便问一下at the beginning of在……之初 at the bottom of在……底端 by oneself独自地 on one's own独自地to one's surprise令某人惊讶的是 in surprise惊讶地 by car/bus/ship/train...乘轿车/公交车/船/火车……

2．名介短语：key to……的答案/钥匙 thanks for对……的感谢 note to……的注释 reply to对……的回复 thanks to多亏了……love for对……的热爱

3．动介短语：worry about为……而担忧 wait for等待 write to给……写信 hear of/about听说 hear from收到……来信 help oneself to随便用/吃……knock at/on敲 fall off从……上掉下来 care for喜欢，照顾 care about关心，在乎 look after照顾 die from死于

4．系表介短语：be angry about/at/with对……感到生气 be pleased with对……感到高兴 be strict in/about对……严格（对事）be strict with对……严格（对人）be afraid of害怕 be famous for以……而闻名 be famous as作为……职业/身份而闻名 be up to由……而决定，忙于，胜任 be proud of以……而自豪 be/become interested in对……感兴趣 be sure of/about对……有把握 be different from与……不同 be busy with忙于……be fond of喜欢……be ready for为……做好准备

基础训练

一、写出下列介词短语有无冠词的不同含义。

二、用适当的介词填空。

1．We mustn't only think_______ourselves.

2．The little boy is afraid_______nothing.

3．Don't read_______the sun. It's bad_______your eyes.

4．When should we start the work, it's up_______you.

5．He left_______paying the bill.

专题二 介词短语的句法功能

一、介词短语的定义

介词后加宾语的短语就是介词短语。介词后的宾语可以是名词、代词、动名词、W/H+不定式、W/H引导的从句等。

eg. Without doubt，Yu Xinya will be our monitor this term.（介词+名词）毫无疑问，余新雅这学期将成为我们的班长。

He catches up with us.（介词+代词）他赶上了我们。

The heavy rain stopped us from camping yesterday.（介词+动名词）昨天那场大雨阻止了我们野营。

We had a discussion about how to carry out the plan.（介词+W/H+不定式）我们就如何执行这个计划进行了讨论。

We are thinking of what we should do next.（介词+W/H从句）我们在考虑下一步该怎么做。

二、介词短语作定语

介词短语作定语时常置于被修饰词之后。

eg. A life without books is like a life without sunlight.人生中没有书籍，就如同生活中没有阳光一样。

Those houses opposite the bank were on fire last night.银行对面的那些房子昨晚着火了。

三、介词短语作状语

介词短语作状语，多用来修饰谓语动词，在句中可以表示时间、地点、方式、目的和原因等。

eg. I have lived in Beijing since 2000.（表示时间）自2000年以来我就住在北京。

Mr Black works on a farm.（表示地点）布莱克先生在农场工作。

In this way，you can work out the problem easily.（表示方式）以这种方式你能很容易地解出这道题。

I'm leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow.（表示目的）明天我要动身去香港。

Because of the heavy snow，we have to stay at home.（表示原因）因为这场雪，我们不得不待在家里。

四、介词短语作表语

系动词后的介词短语作表语。

eg. My father is on business at present.目前我爸爸在出差。

It seems like a bird.它似乎像一只鸟。

五、介词短语作宾语补足语

在某些动词后面，介词短语可以作宾语补足语。

eg. Children！Make yourselves at home.孩子们！不要拘束。

I left my homework at home.我把作业忘在家了。

六、介词短语作插入成分

少数介词与名词短语连用可作插入成分。

eg. By the way，who took my English book by mistake？顺便问下，谁错拿了我的英语书？

基础训练

一、根据汉语提示完成下列英语句子。

1．Look！A dog is lying_______（在树下）.

2．Are there any cows_______（在房屋后面）？

3．Are there any cows_______（在房屋前面）？

4．He waited for you at the railway station_______（直到12点为止）.

5．One day two young man were going_______（穿过森林）.

6．The boy_______（穿着红色外套）is my cousin, Frank.

7．Newman is very cool and he_______（长得像）his father.

8．There are lots of banana trees_______（在河对面）.

二、单项选择

1．I have been in China_______1997.

A. since

B. for

C. in

D. until

2．A woman stood_______the window, watching the children playing games in the garden.

A. past

B. through

C. across

D. by

3．Just walk down this road and you'll see the museum_______your right.

A. on

B. in

C. at

D. by

专题三 关键介词点拨

一、表示时间的介词

1．at，in，on的用法。

(1) at

①at+时刻：at six（o'clock）， at ten（minutes）past ten， at five to eight

②at+三餐：at breakfast， at lunch， at dinner， at supper

③at+正午、夜晚、周末等：at noon， at night， at the weekend

④表示“正在做……”：at war， at school， at work， at table

（2）in表示在上午、下午、晚上、某月、季、年、年代或世纪等。

eg. in the morning/afternoon/evening, in December, in spring, in 1949, in the 1980's/1980s, in the sixteenth century

（3）on表示在某个具体一天或一天中的上午、下午、晚上等。

eg. on Sunday, on National Day, on July 1st, on the evening of August 15th, on a snowy night

2．after，in的用法。

after与in均有“在……以后”之意，但有区别。

after表示“以过去时间为起点”的一段时间以后，常与过去时连用；in表示“从现在算起”的一段时间

以后，常用于将来时或含有将来意义的句中。

after加时间点可与将来时连用，但in不可以。

eg. After three days，Jack landed on the island.三天后，杰克登上了岛。

Father will be back in two weeks.爸爸两周后将回来。

My friend will arrive after two o'clock.两点后我朋友会到达。

二、表示地点的介词

1．at，in，on的用法。

（1）at表示在小地方（家、学校、车站等）；in表示在较大的地方。

eg. at school at the village in Hefei in Beijing

（2）at所指范围不明显，表示“在……附近，在……旁边”；in常指在内部。

eg. at the corner at the door in the classroom in the bag

（3）on“在……之上”，强调和表面接触。此外，on还表示“毗邻，接壤”之意。

eg. on the desk on the chair Canada is on the north of America.

（4）门牌号前用at，街道前用in/on。

eg. at 8 Heping Street on/in the Main Street

2．across，through，past的用法。

（1）across和through意思均为“穿过，通过”。across表示从物体表面穿过的；through表示从物体中间穿过。

eg. They walked across the ice.他们从冰面上走过去了。

The young man walked through the woods.这个年轻人穿过了森林。

（2）past表示“路过，经过”。

eg. walk past a post office路过一个邮局

基础训练

一、用适当的介词填空。

1．Swimming is the best sport_______summer.

2．My mother isn't_______home. So I have to look_______my little sister.

3．When you get_______Shanghai, please write_______me.

4．_______7:00_______Sunday morning we met_______the school gate.

5．—Where is your mother?

—She is_______work in the factory now.

6．_______a cold evening, I climbed up Mount Bagong alone.

7．_______three weeks, Jack came back from France.

8．Your brother will graduate from the university_______four years.

二、单项选择。

1．We'll watch the TV programme Readers_______Saturday evening.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. for

2．The Dragon Boat Festival is_______the fifth day of May on the lunar calendar（阴历）.

A. in

B. on

C. at

D. by

3．Shirley is still waiting for her flight to New York City_______the airport.

A. at

B. under

C. on

D. with

能力训练

一、选择合适的介词填空。

1．They all agreed_______(on, to, with) George about building an amusement park here.

2．Fujian is_______(in, to) the southeast of China.

3．John lives_______(in, on) the fifteenth floor.

4．They look at each other_______(in, to)surprise.

5．Jim put his hand_______（above，over）her mouth to stop her screaming（尖叫）.

6．We haven't heard from him_______(since, for) February.

7．The river goes_______(across, through) the town of Xiaodian.

8．The plane flew_______(over, above) the cloud.

二、根据汉语提示完成英语句子。

1．_______（步行走过）the gate and you can see the pay phone.

2．—How long has the bookshop been in business?

—_______（自从1999年以来）.

3．How are some flowers_______（给你的）with our best wishes！

4．The Smiths_______（已经搬进）a new house.

5．The friendly foreigner_______（领我参观）their beautiful city last Saturday afternoon.

6．More and more people in Shanghai are able to talk and write_______（用英语）.

7．The boys felt very sad as they_______（输给）the girls in the talk show.

8．There are two bottles on the table. One is full_______beer while the other is filled_______（装满）water.

三、单项选择。

1．Kobe's children are proud_______him.

A. in

B. of

C. off

D. out

2．We should be kind to the old and take care_______them in daily life.

A. of

B. for

C. with

D. about

3．—Oh, my god! I've left my keys in the room. I'll have to get in_______the window.

—It's dangerous. You'd better wait for your mom to come back.

A. past

B. over

C. across

D. through

4．Nora opened the box. To her surprise, _______it was a gold watch.

A. outside

B. inside

C. beside

D. behind

5．The whole family were_______agreement about what they should do next.

A. about

B. of

C. in

D. on

6．—Could you tell me the way_______the railway station?

—Go along this road, and you'll find it.

A. at

B. to

C. in

D. between

7．

_______my opinion, you should say sorry to her.

A. In

B. On

C. At

D. By

实战训练

一、用适当的介词填空。

1．Do they still live_______18 Changjiang Street?

2．You can see a bridge_______the river.

3．When I arrived_______Beijing, I fell in love_______this old city.

4．Hey, John. Look out_______the dog! It may bite you.

5．It kept raining_______two weeks.

6．Thanks_______the effort（努力），it is more successful than we expected（期待）.

7．It's so cold outside. Remember to close the door_______you when you leave.

8．We should stop some people_______burning straws（麦秆）in the field.

二、根据汉语完成英语句子。

1．除了Peter，我们另外还有三个孩子。

_______Peter, we have three other children.

2．除了最后一道题目，其他所有的我都会答。

I can answer all the questions_______the last.

3．经理反对我的计划。

The manager_______my plan.

4．我们的朋友遍天下。

We have friends all_______.

5．当人们陷入困境时，嘲笑他们是不礼貌的。

It is not polite to_______people when they are_______.

三、单项选择。

1．—Where is Mary flying?

—She is flying to France soon. She will arrive_______Paris_______the morning of July 2.

A. to; on

B. at; on

C. in; in

D. in; on

2．—What did you get for your birthday, Tony?

—An iPad 3, _______my aunt.

A. to

B. from

C. with

D. for

3．—Thanks_______our government, we can play sports on the new playground next week.

—That's for sure! And we'll have a sports meeting_______one month.

A. for; in

B. to; in

C. for; after

D. to; after

4．To my pleasure, my family is always_______me whatever I decide to do.

A. above

B. behind

C. from

D. through

5．—Daddy, I've run out of my pocket money. I spent 100 yuan_______some favorite books.

—OK. Here you are. But make sure you save money as well.

A. for

B. on

C. with

D. at

6．—What did you do on Earth Day this year?

—We_______a show to spread（传播）the message about protecting the environment.

A. put on

B. put up

C. put away

D. put down