3. raise one’s hand用复数人称时,名词也改复数
“举手”英文说raise one’s hand,是举起一只手来;如遇到强盗,表示不抵抗时,即说hold up one’s hands,是举起双手。通常表示赞成,大家举手时,也说raise their hand行吗?因为若说raise their hands,岂不是每人举起双手来了吗?到底应该用单数还是复数?
【解答】这确是英文的一种不完善的地方,也只怪得人类的双手常不同时动作的缘故,如果是眼睛就没有这个问题,因为两个人仰视时说raise their eyes,一个人时还是raise his eyes。一个人举手时说raise his hand,自然很清楚,表示只举一只手,但多数人时,则说:
They all raised their hands.
意思仍然是各人只举一只手,习惯上都知道是举单手不是举双手,虽则可能含有双手之意。不过真正要分别的话,我们还是可以说their both hands来表示举双手的。原则上多数人就要用复数名词,参考下面各种例句:
I make up my mind.(下决心。)
They make up their minds.
You must not speak ill of a man to his face.(不要当面说人坏话。)
You must not speak ill of others to their faces.
Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.(不要背后说人坏话。)
Do not speak ill of others behind their backs.
但是请看下面二例:
(a)The three men were nodding their heads.
(b)The three men were nodding their head.
据G. H. Vallins在Perfect Your English(P. 107)中说,上面的(a)例,意为三个人每个人都有一个以上的头,而(b)例的意思则为三个人共一个头,所以用复数或单数都一样的有毛病,但除此二者之外,没有其他更好的说法,只得从二者择其一,勉强用了(b)型。所以我说有时是英文本身不完善的地方,无法说得满意的。
但有些名词如way是不要加复数的,例如:
They continued their way on foot.(他们继续徒步前进了。)
He worked his way through university as a day laborer.(他做着日薪工人赚钱读完大学。)
The red cows on the farther hill ate their way slowly toward the north. ——John Steinbeck(在远处山上的那些赤牛慢慢地吃着草向北走去。)