第3章 英国资产阶级革命时期
3.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ.Background Knowledge（背景知识）
The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As James Ⅰ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.
After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.
伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。随着詹姆斯一世，特别是查理一世的继位，君主和议会之间的冲突变得越来越厉害。1642年，英国资产阶级革命爆发，1649年，查理一世审判后被砍头。内战结束，英格兰宣布建立共和政体。
克伦威尔死后，英国议会1660年迎来查理二世，资产阶级经历了复辟的挫折，最终，当詹姆斯二世要重建绝对王权时，资产阶级将其驱逐并于1688年邀请了荷兰的威廉就任英格兰国王。“光荣革命”使封建君主政体及其专制统治的企图结束了，资产阶级成为国家权力斗争的胜利者。
Ⅱ. Literary Features of the Revolution Period（资产阶级革命时期的文学特征）
The spirit of unity and the feeling of patriotism ended with the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰ. English literature of this revolution and restoration period was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.
1．Owing to the Restoration, the literary style changed from complicated plot, bold creation and flashy words into the simple, clear and restrained forms.
2．Poetry occupied a prominent place of this period. The most excellent poet is John Milton, who created Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. There were also two poetic schools: Metaphysical Poets, including John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell, and Cavalier Poets, mainly represented by John Suckling, Thomas Carew and Robert Herrick.
3．The representative of this time’s prose was John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.
4．John Dryden was the most important critic and poet.
伊丽莎白一世时期的统一精神和爱国主义情感结束了。资产阶级革命和复辟时期的英国文学和当时的社会巨变密切相关。
1．随着王权的复辟，文学风格由文艺复兴后期复杂、大胆、奢侈的文学形式逐渐地让步于简单、清晰、克制的形式。
2．这一时期，诗歌在文学领域中占主导地位。最著名的诗人是约翰·弥尔顿，他创作了史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》和诗歌戏剧《力士参孙》。另外还有两个诗歌流派，即玄学派（约翰·邓恩，乔治·赫伯特，安德鲁·马维尔）和骑士学派（约翰·萨克令，托马斯·卡鲁，罗伯特·赫瑞克）。
3．小说体散文以班扬的《天路历程》为代表。
4．约翰·德莱顿成为当时最重要的诗人和批评家。
Ⅲ.Literary Terms（文学术语）
1．Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）
The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, including John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their works were characterized by inventiveness of metaphor (these involved comparisons being known as metaphysical conceits, that is, far-fetched or unusual similes or metaphors), wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and play of paradoxes. Generally, their poetry is characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.
玄学派诗人是17世纪一批无具体联系的英国田园诗人总称，包括约翰·邓恩，乔治·赫伯特和安德鲁·马维尔，他们的共同之处在于对超自然问题的兴趣和对这些问题的相同探究方法。作品最明显特征为奇特暗喻的使用，这被称为玄学派的“奇思妙喻”（conceit），即，将两个没有相同点的物体用比喻手法牵强地结合在一起。另外，作品特点还包括机智，富有想象力的画面，简略而模糊的表达，自相矛盾的说法。诗歌总体相似处为内容上的神秘性和形式上的奇异性。
2．Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）
A group of supporters of Charles Ⅰ in the Bourgeois Revolution consists of John Suckling, Thomas Carew and Robert Herrick. These poets were not a formal group, but all were influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet; their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit. Between the Metaphysicals and the Cavaliers there is a similar awareness of mortality, which is expressed as an intense melancholy by the former, and by the latter as a bitter consciousness of the transitoriness of human glory and joy.
主要包括约翰·萨克令，托马斯·卡鲁和罗伯特·赫瑞克，他们在资产阶级革命时期支持国王查理一世，且全部受本·琼森影响，几乎不用十四行诗。其抒情诗以简短但措辞准确且多用成语，充满高雅气息著称。玄学派和骑士派的共同点在于意识到人生必死，前者用深切的忧伤表达出来，后者则痛苦的意识到人生光辉和快乐的短暂。
3．Restoration Comedy（复辟时期的喜剧）
Restoration comedy refers to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1688. After public stage performances had been banned for 18 years by the Puritan regime, the re-opening of the theatres in 1660 when Charles Ⅱ came back, signaled a renaissance of English drama.
Restoration comedy is notorious for its sexual explicitness, a quality encouraged by Charles Ⅱ (1660–1685) personally and by the rakish aristocratic ethos of his court. It was mainly the work of Sir George Etherege (1635-1691, The Man of Mode), William Wycherley (1640-1716, Love in a Wood, The Country Wife) and Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726, Virtue in Danger). These playwrights collectively portray a world of adultery, jealousy, deceit, meanness and cunning, in which love is a sexual game and marriage a business transaction, and consequently most wives cuckold their husband, and their husbands chase whores.
它是指1660-1688年间，英国王朝复辟时期的喜剧。公共剧院在清教徒时期被关闭18年后，1660年查理二世归来，剧院的重开标志英国戏剧的复兴。
复辟时期的喜剧以其放纵淫荡而臭名昭著。主要作家有乔治·艾瑟里奇（1635-1691，《时髦人》），威廉·威彻利（1640-1716，《树林里的爱》，《乡下妻子》）和约翰·凡布卢爵士（1664-1726，《危险中的美德》）。这些剧作家描写了一个充满通奸、嫉妒、欺骗、卑鄙、奸诈的世界，在这里，爱情是性的游戏，婚姻是场交易，结局是大部分妻子对丈夫不忠，而丈夫去追求妓女。
Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works（主要作家和作品）
1．Milton (1608-1674)（弥尔顿）
(1) Life（生平）
John Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to emerge in the 17th century.
Born into a pious wealthy Puritan family, he had enjoyed the sweetest and the most sheltered period of adolescence of all. He retired to his father’s country house at Horton, rejecting working in the church after graduating from Cambridge University and subjected himself to a rigorous reading plan which covered Greek, Latin, and Italian classics, and Christian mythology. In 1652, he lost his sight. Milton was against monarchy. After he was thrown in prison and released by the domineering king Charles Ⅱ, he began living a poor, lonely and dark life. During this phase, Milton completed his Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and a tragedy, Samson Agonistes (1671). In his last years he suffered more and more from gout (痛风) and he died of it in 1674.
约翰·弥尔顿是继乔叟和莎士比亚之后英国第三位伟大的诗人，也是17世纪最伟大的作家。
弥尔顿出生在富裕、虔诚的清教徒家庭，拥有最甜蜜、最受庇护的青春时光。剑桥大学毕业后，他拒绝在教堂工作，退隐到他父亲在霍顿的乡间住所完成自己制定的严格的读书计划，所读内容涵盖希腊、拉丁和意大利经典著作和基督教神学。1652年，他完全失明。弥尔顿一直反对君主政体，王朝复辟时，因此入狱。获释后一直过着贫困、孤独黑暗的生活，这一时期他创作了《失乐园》、《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。晚年他饱受痛风之苦，逝于1674年。
(2) Life Periods（生平阶段）
His life can be roughly divided into three phases: from 1620 to 1638, the early phase of reading and lyric writing; from 1640-1660, the middle phase of service in the Bourgeois Revolution and pamphleteering; the last also the greatest phase of epic writing, from 1660-1674.
他的一生大致分为三个阶段：早期（1620-1638），阅读和抒情诗写作阶段；中期（1640-1660），支持资产阶级革命，宣传册阶段；晚期（1660-1674），最重要的史诗写作阶段。
(3) Major Works of Milton（主要作品）
Early Poems（早期诗歌）
“On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity”《在基督诞生的早上》
“L’Allegro” and “Ⅱ Penseroso”《快乐的人》和《忧思的人》
“Comus”《考玛斯》
“Lycidas”《莱西达斯》
Pamphlets（宣传册）
Pamphlets on Marriage关于婚姻的宣传册
Areopagitica《论出版自由》
Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护》
Second Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护续辨》
The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth
Late Epics（晚期史诗）
Paradise Lost《失乐园》
Paradise Regained《复乐园》
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
(4) Analysis of Major Works（主要作品分析）
◆“L’Allegro” and “ⅡPenseroso”《快乐的人》和《忧伤的人》
The twin lyrical poems were probably written during his years at Horton. They describe respectively the cheerful social mood and the meditative solitary mood of the poet. While notionally opposed, as in the dispute tradition, the two are really complementary, dividing all legitimate pleasures into the public or private spheres. It is worthwhile to note that in these early poems, Milton displays his wonderful science of versification in the handling of octosyllable (八音节) , and his complete command of whatever expression he needs.
这两首姊妹篇可能写于作者在霍顿年间。《快乐的人》描述了高兴的社交氛围，《忧伤的人》则反映了诗人冥思和孤独的情绪。虽然概念上对立，但实际两首诗是互为补充的，把所有合理的快乐分为公开和私人的两类。值得注意的是，这时期作者展示了他运用八音节诗句的技巧和他灵活运用语言的技巧。
◆“Lycidas”《莱西达斯》
Lycidas is one of the most-quoted elegies in English, moving from its commemoration of his Cambridge University friend, Edward King, to reflection on the writer’s own mortality and ambitions, finishing in the remarkable optimism of a renewal.
该诗是英语中最经常被引用到的挽歌之一。这首挽歌为纪念他的剑桥大学同学爱德华·金而作。作者从纪念同学的死开始，转至对自己的死亡和雄心抱负的沉思，又在结尾处恢复到令人称赞的乐观主义。
◆Paradise Lost《失乐园》
A. Main Plot（主要情节）
Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.
《失乐园》是弥尔顿的杰作。它是一首用无韵体写的长达12卷的史诗。故事取材《旧约》，内容包括：创世纪；撒旦和天使同伴在天堂反叛；撒旦失败并被逐出天堂；大地及亚当和夏娃的创造；地狱中的堕落天使阴谋反抗上帝；撒旦诱惑夏娃偷吃禁果；亚当和夏娃离开伊甸园。
B. Theme and Characterization（主题和人物刻画）
The main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority. In the poem, God is just a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of silly angels eternally singing his praises. Satan, though defeated, still sought revenge, is the most striking character in the poem. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility. Satan is the spirit of questioning the authority of God. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge adds a particular significance to their characters.
The picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, bear resemblance to a republican Parliament.
诗歌的主题是对上帝权威的反叛。上帝被描绘成自私的专制者，总是高坐在王位上，身边一群永久大唱赞词的愚蠢的天使。然而撒旦，虽然战败，但总是想着报复，却给人留下深刻印象。虽然力量不敌上帝，但他不愿卑躬屈膝，喜欢独立自主，他代表了反上帝权威的精神。亚当和夏娃是弥尔顿对人类力量信仰的化身。他们对知识的渴望使其人物性格更具重要性。
诗中众多不敢发表自己意见的天使围绕着上帝的画面，和撒旦和他的反叛天使朋友们一起畅所欲言的画面形成鲜明对比，被认为是专制君主统治的王庭和共和议会的象征。
◆Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
Samson is an athlete of the Israelites. He stands as their champion fighting for the freedom of his country. But he has been captured by the Philistines after being betrayed by his wife, Deliah; his hair, which gave him strength from God, has been cut off, and he has been blinded. In prison he is visited by a series of figures that tempt him in various ways. The tragedy ends, when he goes to the festival of the pagan god Dagon after having recovered his strength and faith in God. He pulls down the temple on his enemies and on himself.
There is much in common between Samson and Milton. Like Samson, Milton has also been embittered by an unwise marriage, persecuted by his enemies, has suffered from blindness and yet is unconquerable.
参孙是一名以色列运动员，在为国家自由的战斗中站在最前列。在被妻子黛利拉背叛后被非利人俘虏。他的能从上帝那里获取力量的头发被剪断，眼睛也被弄瞎。在狱中，很多人来诱惑他。悲剧结尾处他恢复了对上帝的信仰，从而又有了力量，来到异教之神大衮的欢宴中摧毁寺庙与敌人同归于尽。
参孙和弥尔顿有很多相似之处。同参孙一样，弥尔顿受过不幸福婚姻之苦，遭敌人迫害和失明之苦，但他们两个在精神上是不可战胜的。
(5) Brief Summary of Milton（弥尔顿小结）
①Milton was political in both his life and his art.
②Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse.
③Milton is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.
④Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style, which is the result of his lifelong classical and biblical study.
⑤Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.
①弥尔顿生活和艺术中都具政治性。
②弥尔顿创作了英国文学上最伟大的史诗。他和莎士比亚总是被视为英国诗歌的两个类型。
③弥尔顿是无韵体大师。他率先将无韵体运用到非戏剧作品中。
④弥尔顿是伟大的文体学家。他以其高雅的文体著称，这得益于他终生对经典和圣经作品的研究。
⑤弥尔顿向来以思想高深和表达气势宏伟著称。
2．Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）
(1) John Donne (1572-1631)（约翰·邓恩）
①Life（生平）
John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry. He lived and wrote during the succeeding reigns of Elizabeth, James Ⅰ and Charles Ⅰ. His early life was passed in dissipation and roguery, much occupied with secret love, elopement and imprisonment, but he later turned a saintly divine.
约翰·邓恩是玄学派的创始人。他经历了伊丽莎白女王，詹姆斯一世和查理一世的统治。早期生活较放荡，但后期成为神职人员。
②Categories of Donne’s Poems（诗歌分类）
His poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyrics, published after his death as Songs and Sonnets in 1633, and the later sacred verses, published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions.
他的诗歌可分为两大类：青年爱情诗，代表作为他死后1633年发表的《歌与十四行诗》；和后期的宗教诗歌《突变引起的诚念》，于1624年发表。
③Features of Donne’s Poems（诗歌特点）
Donne is a poet of peculiar conceits. In his poetry, sensuality is blended with philosophy, passion with intellect. But Donne is not only an analytical sensualist. His later poems are also touched with profound religious thoughts.
作品中充满奇思妙喻。邓恩的诗歌将感官享受和哲理，激情和智慧混合在一起。但他不仅是一位感官分析者，他后期的诗歌也触及到深刻的宗教思想。
(2) George Herbert (1593-1633)（乔治·赫伯特）
①Life（生平）
George Herbert was born on April 3, 1593, the fifth son of an eminent Welsh family. He received two degrees at Cambridge. He took holy orders in the Church of England in 1630 and spent the rest of his life as rector(教区牧师) in Bemerton.
乔治·赫伯特生于1593年4月3日，是一个显赫威尔士家庭的第五个儿子。他在剑桥获得两个学位，于1630年在英国教堂担任圣职，从此都在伯默顿担任教区牧师。
②Features（特点）
He believed that a poet should sing the glory of God. His poems have been characterized by a deep religious devotion, linguistic precision, metrical agility, and ingenious use of conceit.
他认为诗人应该赞扬上帝的光辉。他的诗歌以对宗教深切的热爱，语言精确，韵律灵活和奇思妙喻为特点。
(3) Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)（安德鲁·马维尔）
①Life（生平）
Andrew Marvell was born in Yorkshire and educated at Cambridge. In 1657, he was appointed assistant to John Milton, Latin Secretary for the Commonwealth. Starting in 1659, Marvell was elected M.P. for his hometown of Hull, and he continued to represent it until his death.
安德鲁·马维尔生于约克郡，曾在剑桥受教育。1657年，被任命为共和国拉丁语秘书约翰·弥尔顿的助理。1659年，他当选为家乡赫尔镇的议员，并在去世前一直担任此职位。
②Features（特点）
His poetry is urbane, to an extent detached, with recurrent motifs and words and a marked tone that distinguish it from the work of other metaphysical poets. One of his famous poems is “To his Coy Mistress”.
他的诗歌太过讲究文雅以至于断断续续，主题和用词重复，这是他区别于其他玄学派诗人的重要标志。他广为人知的一首诗歌是《致他羞怯的情人》。
3．Bunyan (1628-1688)（班扬）
(1) Life（生平）
John Bunyan, the son of a poor tinker, was born in the little village of Elstow, near Bedford in 1628. He joined a small group of non-conformists among the working people, and soon became active both in preaching and in writing. According to the passing of a law forbidding unlicensed preaching after the Restoration, he was arrested and kept in jail for 12 years. He was the chief Puritan writer to participate in the struggle against the corrupt, dissolute feudal regimes of CharlesⅡ and JamesⅡ after John Milton.
约翰·班扬是一名穷苦补锅匠的儿子，于1628年出生在贝德福特附近埃尔斯多村庄。他加入工人当中一个不信奉英国国教的小团体，很快便积极从事传道和写作事业。王朝复辟后通过的禁止未经当局许可传道的法案使班扬被捕入狱，长达12年。他是继约翰·弥尔顿之后又一个主要的清教徒作家，他参加了反查理二世和詹姆斯二世的封建专制统治的斗争。
(2) Major Work（主要作品）
◆The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》
It is a religious allegory and is divided into two parts. The allegory takes the form of a dream by the author, in which he sees and tells Christian’s pilgrimage. Part Ⅱ relates Christian’s wife who sets out with her children on the same pilgrimage, accompanied by her neighbour Mercy. Experiencing lots of difficulties, they get to their destination.
Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. The places that Bunyan paints are English scenes, and the conversations vividly repeat the language of his time. In reality, the Celestial City in the Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor thinker in the 17th century, though a veil of religious mist.
The most famous scene in the novel is the Vanity Fair. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government.
此书采用寓言形式写成。这个寓言出现在作者的一个梦里，在梦里他看到并讲述了基督徒克里斯蒂的朝圣历程。第二部分讲述妻子和孩子在邻居“仁慈”的陪伴下开始同样的朝圣历程并最终到达目的地。
虽然使用寓言体，书中的人物却留给读者真实人物的印象。书中描绘的场景来自英国真实场景，所讲语言是他那个时代语言的形象再现。事实上，书中的天国是17世纪一位穷苦的思想家对理想幸福社会的幻想，尽管这个幻想掩藏在宗教外衣下面。
小说中最有名的场景是名利场。班扬表现出对国王及其统治下的政府的痛恨。
(3) Features of Bunyan’s Writings（班扬写作特征）
①Bunyan is known for his simple but lively prose style. Everyday idiomatic expressions are used naturally and forcefully. The simple, unaffected language of the common people and the details are largely responsible for the modernity of his prose.
②His prose is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible.
①班扬以他简洁而生动的散文风格著称。他自然有力地运用惯用日常表达法，来自普通群众的简朴自然的语言和反映普通人生活的细节是造就其作品有现代性的原因。
②他作品中的语言因为《圣经》似的尊严和简约而颇显高雅。
4．Other Prose Writers（其他散文作家）
(1) Robert Burton (1577-1640)（罗伯特·波顿）
Robert Burton was prominent English prose writer in the early 17th century and has been remembered for his one book, The Anatomy of Melancholy. Burton paid great attention to the style of his English, making it colloquial and sonorous. He assumed the tone of a seriocomic monologue with a peculiar humour of his own.
罗伯特·波顿是17世纪早期著名的散文作家，并因《忧郁的解剖》而被人铭记在心。伯顿十分注意他的语言风格，让自己的作品读起来既朗朗上口又铿锵有力。他以独特的幽默，在独白中采用了既庄重又诙谐的语调。
◆The Anatomy of Melancholy《忧郁的解剖》
It claims to offer the definition, symptoms, causes, properties and cure of melancholy, i.e. human disorder. But in reality the book is a collection of detached essays on the whole life and thought of man, and on the man’s dissatisfaction with the world and the ways to mitigate it, illustrated with the best stories in the world.
这部作品宣称要给忧郁症即人类的精神混乱下定义，分析症状，产生原因，性质和治疗方法。但实际上该书是一个各自主题独立的论文集合，写了关于人类的总体生活和思想，人类对世界的不满以及如何减轻这种不满，并以世上最佳的故事加以解释。
(2) Thomson Browne (1605-1682)（托马斯·布朗）
Thomas Browne, learned physician and author, was born in London but educated at Winchester and Oxford. He settled in Norwich as a provincial doctor, and was knighted by Charles Ⅱ in 1671.
托马斯·布朗，学识渊博的内科医生和作家，生于伦敦，受教育于温彻斯特和牛津。他在挪利其定居，成为一名乡村医生，并于1671年被查理二世封为爵士。
◆Religio Medici《医生的宗教》
Religio Medici (The Religion of a Doctor) was his spiritual autobiography published in 1642-1643. It is divided into two parts, relating broadly to God and to man. The first part talks about the matters of faith, the hostilities among rival sects and religions, and man as microcosm. Its breadth of vision and tolerance are matched in the second part, where he expresses love for all sorts and conditions of men.
发表于1642-1643年，该作品是布朗的精神自传。这本书分为两部分，广泛地涉及上帝和人类。第一部分谈论信仰问题、竞争派系和不同宗教派系之间的敌对，微观世界的人类。第二部分跟第一部分一样都具有广阔的视野，也体现了同样的宽容。第二部分描述作者对各种各样的人的爱。
(3) Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667)（杰瑞米·泰勒）
Jeremy Taylor was an Anglican clergyman and writer living in the same period as Browne. He is best remembered for his Holy Living (1650) and Holy Dying (1651), both written to help the Anglican royalists during the reign of the Commonwealth. Thomas Browne and Jeremy Taylor have been called two representatives baroque prose-writer in English literature for their elaborate and magnificent style.
杰瑞米·泰勒是一名英国国教牧师和作家，与托马斯·布朗生活在同一时代。其最著名的两部作品是《神圣而生》（1650）和《神圣而死》（1651），都是在共和国时期为声援英国国教保皇党而作。他和托马斯·布朗以其铺陈华丽的风格在英国文学使上被称为巴洛克式散文的代表人物。
(4) Izzak Walton (1593-1683)（艾萨克·沃尔顿）
Izzak Walton was a London shopkeeper living from the Elizabethan Age to the Restoration. Despite his modest schooling, he developed scholarly tastes by self-study and made friends with men of learning. The work that made him famous is The Compleat Angler, published in 1653. He was a Royalist.
艾萨克·沃尔顿是伦敦一名店主，他生活的年代跨越了伊丽莎白时代和复辟时期。尽管学龄短浅，他通过自学和与文化名人交友而培养了学者品味。他的成名作《垂钓全书》于1653年出版。他是一名保王党派人士。
◆The Compleat Angler《垂钓全书》
It is a handbook on the art of fishing, written in the form of conversations mainly between the author Piscator (Fisherman) and Venator (Hunter). There are delightful descriptions of the English countryside and the simple and kind people. The Compleat Angler shows at the same time the Englishman’s love of the countryside.
该书是一本关于垂钓艺术的手册，以对话形式写成，是关于渔夫和猎手在伦敦附近梨尔河岸的对话。书中热情洋溢地描绘了英国农村风光和朴实善良的人们，展现了英国人对乡村风光的热爱。
5．John Dryden (1631-1700)（约翰·德莱顿）
John Dryden was the most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period. He was at the same time a poet, playwright and critic. He is a prolific writer. All for Love and An Essay of Dramatic Poesy are the most famous works. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy established his position as the leading critic of the day. And he is called “the father of English Criticism”.
约翰·德莱顿是复辟时期最杰出的诗人、剧作家和批评家。德莱顿是位多产作家。《一切为了爱》和《论戏剧诗》最出名。《论戏剧诗》奠定其作为当时最出色评论家的地位。他被称为英国批评主义之父。
◆All for Love《一切为了爱》
The play, written in blank verse, tells the story of Antony and Cleopatra in a totally different way from Shakespeare’s play. It relates only the last part of Antony’s life and confines the dramatic conflict to the hero’s internal struggle between his love for Cleopatra and his worldly considerations for himself. The play has generally been considered Dryden’s most noteworthy drama and contains a more close-knit plot and some admirable passages of blank verse.
剧本用无韵体写成，讲述安东尼和克利奥帕特拉的故事，但与莎士比亚剧本中的故事完全不同。这个剧本只讲了安东尼生活中的后部分，并把戏剧冲突控制在主人公对克利奥帕特拉的爱和对自己尘世的考虑之间的内心挣扎上。该剧被认为是德莱顿最有名的剧本，并拥有比较紧凑的情节和绝妙的无韵体段落。
◆An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗》
This work established his position as the leading critic of the day. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy takes the form of a dialogue. Four friends, including Neander who represents Dryden himself, take a boat on the Thames River and discuss the comparative merits of English and French drama and those of the old and new English drama, two problems which were obviously the center of interest in the critical circles at the time. Adopting the dialogue form in order to express his own views in an objective way, Dryden definitely favoured the neo-classical rules of drama as set down by the French dramatists and critics, yet he showed his preference for English drama to French drama, with particular praises for Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and Fletcher.
《论戏剧诗》采用对话形式。四个朋友，包括代表德莱顿自己的尼安德，一起在泰晤士河上渡船讨论比较英国戏剧和法国戏剧、英国旧戏剧和新戏剧的优缺点，这是当时评论界两个中心话题。为了保持观点的客观性，德莱顿采用了对话形式。但他明确地喜爱法国戏剧家和评论家定下的新古典主义戏剧原则，然而同时又表达了他对英国戏剧而非法国戏剧的偏爱，特别赞扬了莎士比亚、本·琼森和弗莱彻。