第5天 动词的时态
5-1 时态分类
在英语中动词的时态一共有十六种:
一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;
现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;
现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时。
但最常用的主要有以下九种。
5-2 时态详解
1.一般现在时
(1)定义:主要用来表示人或事物的特点,经常或习惯性的动作以及现在的状况;还可表示客观规律和永恒真理等。句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语。
I usually go to school at 8 o'clock every morning.
我通常早上八点去学校。
He has a sister who grows up in London.
他有一个妹妹在伦敦长大。
The sun attracts the earth and the earth attracts the sun.
太阳吸引地球,地球也吸引太阳。
Tibet is situated in the southwest of China.
西藏在中国的西南部。
(2)肯定形式:主语 + 动词原形(如主语为第三人称单数,动词要改为第三人称单数形式),如以上所举例子。
(3)否定形式:谓语是系动词时则为am / is / are + not;若谓语动词为行为动词,则在其前加don't;如主语为第三人称单数,则在动词原形前用doesn't。
I am not a student.我不是一个学生。
Sometimes I do not know what to do.
有些时候我不知道该怎么办才好。
He doesn't like play computer games.他不喜欢玩电脑游戏。
(4)一般疑问句形式:谓语是系动词时则把系动词放于句首;若谓语动词为行为动词,用助动词do提问;如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,行为动词为原形。
Is she pretty?她漂亮吗?
Do you like this movie?你喜欢这部电影吗?
Does she understand English?她懂英文吗?
(5)一般现在时的扩展:
1)表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。例如:
I studied that the sun and the earth attract each other when I was very young.
在我小时候,我就知道太阳和地球相互吸引。
2)在时间和条件状语从句中,一般现在时可代替一般将来时,常用的引导词有:
a.时间引导词:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment /the minute, the day。
Farewell until we meet again!下次再见!
b.条件引导词:if, unless, provided。
If he studies in school, he will learn more knowledge.
如果他在学校学习,他将能学到更多的知识。
3)在the more... the more...(越……越……)句型中,若主句是一般将来时,通常从句用一般现在时。
The more weakness you show, the more aggressive others will be.
你越示弱,人家劲头就越大。
4)在mind, care, matter, make sure(certain), see to it+宾语从句的句型中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as you study hard in school, I don't care how much money you spend.
只要你在学校努力学习,我不介意你花多少钱。
2.现在进行时
(1)定义:表示当下的一段时间内正在进行的某种活动。常用的时间状语有now, at this time, these days, etc。
We are working.我们正在上班。
He is driving a new car.他正开着一辆新车。
(2)一般结构:肯定形式为系动词am / is / are + V-ing;否定形式为am / is /are + not + V-ing;一般疑问句形式为把系动词be放于句首。
It is raining outside.外面正在下雨。
He's not fighting alone at this moment!此刻他不是一个人在战斗!
Are you surfing the Internet?你正在上网吗?
(3)现在进行时的扩展:
1)现在进行时在条件状语从句或时间状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Be careful when you are crossing the busy street.当你穿过拥挤的马路时要小心。
2)用现在进行时表示将来的动作。
Lucy is going to America on Sunday.露西周日要去美国。
3.现在完成时
(1)定义:表示过去的动作已经完成,但对现在情况仍存在一定的影响;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。现在完成时常用的时间状语有recently, lately, since... for...in the past few years, just, already, yet, up to now, till now, so far, these days。
This is my first time that I have been here.
这是我第一次来这里。
It is the most interesting book I have read recently.
这是我最近看过的最有趣的一本书。
(2)现在完成时的一般结构:肯定形式为have / has + done;否定形式为have /has + not + done;一般疑问句形式为have或has放在句首。
I have finished my work today.我已经完成今天的工作了。
It hasn't rained for half a year in that place.
那个地方已经半年没有下雨了。
Have you ever been to Beijing?你去过北京吗?
(3)现在完成时的扩展:
1)for + 时间段;since + 时间点
I have lived here for five years.
我已经在这里住了5年了。
I have lived here since 1995.
我从1995年开始就住在这了。
2)在表示“最近几世纪 / 年 / 月以来……”时间状语中,谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years / months / weeks / days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history等。例如:
I have been a teacher over the past few years.
在过去的几年里我一直是个老师。
4.一般过去时
(1)定义:表示在过去某个确定的时间里发生的动作,存在的状态或习惯性的动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常用的时间状语有yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when。
He stayed outside last night.
他昨天晚上待在外面。
Lily left China a few days ago.
莉莉几天前离开了中国。
(2)一般过去时的一般结构:肯定形式为主语 + was / were或者行为动词的过去式 + 宾语;否定形式为was / were + not或者在行为动词前加didn't;一般疑问句形式为was或were放于句首,或用助动词do的过去式did提问,行为动词为原形。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我小时候经常在街上踢球。
I didn't go to school yesterday.
我昨天没有去学校。
Did you have the meeting yesterday?
昨天你们开会了吗?
(3)一般过去时的扩展:
1)used to + do,表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式,后接动词原形。be / become / get used to + doing表示习惯于。
He used to drink a lot.
他过去常喝酒。
I have got used to getting up early.
我已经习惯了早起。
2)在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a guitar if he got the salary.
他答应如果他领到工资就给我买一把吉他。
3)用过去时表示现在,表委婉语气。
①动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。
Did you want anything else?
你还想要点其他的东西吗?
I wondered if you could come here.
我想知道你能否来这里。
②情态动词could, would。
Could you lend me your dictionary?
我能借一下你的字典吗?
5.过去进行时
(1)定义:表示过去某个时间正在发生的动作。常用的时间状语有:at this time yesterday, at that time, this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。
When we got to the top of the mountain, it was raining.
当我们到达山顶的时候,天正在下雨。
I was repairing my bike when you called me.
你给我打电话的时候我正在修理我的自行车。
(2)过去进行时的一般结构:肯定形式为was / were + doing;否定形式为was /were + not + doing;一般疑问句形式为把was或were放于句首。
He was walking leisurely by the lake.
他正在湖边悠闲地散步。
She wasn't doing her homework when I got home.
当我回到家的时候她没有在做作业。
Were you cooking the breakfast at eight yesterday morning?
昨天早上八点你在做早餐吗?
6.过去完成时
(1)定义:表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即 “过去的过去”。常用的时间状语有:before, until, when, after, once, as soon as, by the end of last year (term, month...)。
There had been 20 college students in our village up till 2000.
到2000为止,我们村已经有20个大学生了。
By the end of last year I had finished the project.
到去年年底,我已经完成这个项目了。
(2)过去完成时的一般结构:肯定形式为had + done;否定形式为had + not +done;一般疑问句形式为had放于句首。
When the police arrived, the thief had run away.
当警察赶到的时候,小偷已经跑了。
He said that he hadn't learned any English before.
他说他以前没有学过英语。
Had she left the office when Miss Li went to get a book?
当李小姐去拿书的时候她已经离开办公室了吗?
(3)一般过去时的扩展:
1)用于hardly / scarcely...when; no sooner...than句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly got into the house when he came to see me.
当他来看我的时候,我刚到家。
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(注意主谓倒装)
我刚到家电话就响了。
2)当动词为hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan时,用过去完成时表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could get the job.
我真希望我能得到这份工作。
I had expected to see you but I was too busy.
我很盼望能去见你但是我太忙了。
3)表示“第几次做某事”,主句用一般过去时,从句用过去完成时。
That was the first time that she had seen her father.
那是她第一次见到她的父亲。
It was 5 years since we had left our hometown.
我们离开家乡已经5年了。
7.一般将来时
(1)定义:表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常用的时间状语有:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year...) , soon, in a few minutes, by..., the day after tomorrow。
The machine is going to be produced next month.
这个机器下个月能造出来。
There is going to be a storm.
将有一场暴风雨。
(2)一般将来时的一般结构:肯定形式为am / is / are going to + do或will /shall + do;否定形式为am / is / are + not going to do或在will / shall后加not;一般疑问句形式是把am / is / are放在句首或者把will / shall放在句首。
Our school will host the sports meeting in July.
我们学校7月将举行运动会。
He isn't going to buy that house.
他不会买那套房子了。
Are you going to do shopping tomorrow?
你明天要去购物吗?
(3)一般将来时的扩展:
1)一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。例如:
We will begin our party as soon as Tom comes.
汤姆一来我们的派对就开始。
(主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时)
2)“祈使句 + and / or + 句子”,这种结构中and后面的句子用一般将来时。例如:
Use your head and you will find a way.
动一下你的脑筋你就能找到办法。
3)某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等,用现在进行时形式表示将来。例如:
I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
我明天要去上海。
4)系动词be (am, is , are)词组的特殊用法。
①“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”,表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
I am going to leave now.
我正要告辞。
②“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
The performance is about to begin.
演出就要开始了。
③“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
We are to be married in this summer.
我们打算今年夏天结婚。
8.将来进行时
(1)定义:表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。常用的时间状语有:soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening, etc。
I'll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候我正在写作业。
(2)将来进行时的一般结构:肯定形式为will / shall be + doing;否定形式为will / shall not be + doing;一般疑问句形式是把will / shall放在句首。
The president will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport this time on Sunday.
周日这个时候,总统将正在机场迎接外国代表团。
Nancy will not be doing exercise tomorrow morning.
南希明天早上这会儿将不会在锻炼身体。
Will you be having the meeting this time tomorrow afternoon?
明天下午这个时候你会在开会吗?
9.将来完成时
(1)定义:表示在将来某一时间或另一个将来的动作之前已经完成的动作。常用的时间状语为by the time of; by the end of + 时间短语(将来); by the time + 从句(将来)。
They will have been friends for 10 years by then.
到那个时候他们已经成为朋友10年了。
I will have reached Nanjing by this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候我将已经到南京了。
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
你到车站的时候,火车将已经离开了。
(2)将来进行时的一般结构:肯定形式为be going to / will / shall + have done;否定形式为be going to / will / shall + not + have done;一般疑问句形式是把will / shall放在句首。
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for my new job.
到下个周二,我将为我的新工作做好准备。
We will not have made a good preparation for the exams by the end of this week.到这个周末我们也未能做好考试的准备。
Will you have finished this experiment by the end of this term?
到这个期末你们将完成这个实验吗?
(3)将来完成时的扩展:
在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
孩子们一从学校回来就要做他们的家庭作业。