四、网络与计算机
TEXT 38
For a brief window on Thursday evening，330 million Twitter users slid into a world without @realDonaldTrump.Twitter initially posted a statement Thursday night saying President Trump's“account was inadvertently deactivated due to human error by a Twitter employee.”The account was down for 11 minutes，and had since been restored.But then two hours later，Twitter updated its statement saying that an investigation showed the deactivation “was done by a Twitter customer support employee who did this on the employee's last day.” Twitter said it would be conducting a full internal review.
Trump has used the account since March 2009.He has tweeted more than 36,000 times and has 41.7 million followers.Trump has spoken publicly about his reliance on Twitter before.In an interview with Maria Bartiromo of Fox Business Network last month，Trump credited his use of social media as among the reasons he was elected.Twitter also serves as among Trump's main tools for deflecting criticisms and attacks.Trump conceded that those close to him try to steer him away from social media.But he insists on tweeting—spelling errors included—as a weapon against“fake news.”
Trump's account may have been “inadvertently” deactivated Thursday，but Twitter has also had to defend its decision not to take down particular presidential tweets.In a six-tweet thread in September，Trump issues what some took as a threat directed at North Korea.As The Post has reported，Twitter prohibits tweets that include violent threats，which some argued was Trump's intention.Twitter responded by saying a number of factors go into account when evaluating controversial content，including its “newsworthiness” and whether it has “public interest.”
Those tweets confronting North Korea followed other instances where critics called for Trump's account to be more closely controlled，such as when he tweeted an edited video of himself beating somebody up，the victim's face replaced by a CNN logo.And then there are the accounts that Twitter has chosen to suspend.Last month，the actress Rose McGowan took to Twitter to challenge Ben Affleck on his claim that he knew nothing of Harvey Weinstein's decades-long history of sexual assault and violence towards women.But another tweet led to the temporarily suspension of her account.Despite initially declining to comment on the content of that specific tweet，Twitter later explained that McGowan's “account was temporarily locked because one of her Tweets included a private phone number，which violates our Terms of Service.”
Trump was back tweeting at 8：05 p.m.，praising the day's“Great Tax Cut rollout.”It was as if he never left.
1.The second statement differed from the first in that____.
[A] it put sole responsibility on the employee
[B] it did not mention the deactivation as accidental
[C] it did not attribute the deactivation to a human error
[D] it confirmed the culprit had been dismissed
2.President Trump admits that____.
[A] he has made many spelling errors in his tweets
[B] his tweets have annoyed many of his opponents
[C] his election was largely attributable to tweeter use
[D] even people close to him find his tweets offensive
3.Some people criticize Twitter for____.
[A] daring not offend Trump as the president
[B] misinterpreting Trump's hidden intentions
[C] confusing newsworthiness with public interest
[D] failing to delete Trump's violent tweets
4.With the edited video，Trump intended to show____.
[A] his aggressive tendency
[B] his detestation for CNN
[C] his defence of public interest
[D] his naughty innocence
5.Rose McGowan's experience with Twitter is mentioned to____.
[A] accuse Twitter of double standard in its regulation
[B] criticize Twitter's indifference to violence against women
[C] condemn Weinstein and his likes for maltreating women
[D] defend Trump against possible suspension of his account
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.deactivate 使不活跃，禁用
2.deflect 使转向，使偏斜
3.newsworthiness 新闻价值
4.rollout 首次公开展出
疑难长句注解
1.Twitter responded by saying...“public interest.”（第三段）
句中go into account意为“需要考虑”，controversial content这里指推特信息中包括暴力等有争议的信息，public interest意为“公众利益，公共价值”。
2.Those tweents...CNN logo.（第四段）
本句的主干结构是Those tweets...followed other instances where...，其中where critics...controlled是定语从句，修饰instances（情况，事例）；such as...logo是对instances的举例，其中the victim's face...logo是独立结构，词组beat up指痛打一顿。
3.Last month，the actress Rose McGowan...women.（第四段）
took to Twitter这里指使用推特；Ben Affleck和Harvey Weinstein都是电影导演和制片人，最近多名女演员站出来指责Harvey Weinstein多年来一直对女演员进行性骚扰和性侵害。
译文
周四晚上在很短时间内，3.3亿推特用户进入一个没有@realDonaldTrump的世界。推特周四晚间起初发表了一个声明，说特朗普总统的“账号由于一个推特雇员的个人失误被不经意停用”。账号被关闭11分钟，然后被恢复。但是两个小时后，推特更新了其声明，说调查表明，停用“是一个推特客户服务雇员干的，这是他离职前的一天”。推特说，他们正在进行彻底的内部审查。
特朗普自2009年3月起使用该账号。他已经发了36000多条推特信息，有4170万粉丝。特朗普以前公开说过他对推特的依赖。在福克斯商业网记者Maria Bartiromo上个月对他的采访中，特朗普把社交媒体的使用看作他当选的重要原因之一。推特也是特朗普回击批评和攻击的主要工具。特朗普承认，他身边的人试图劝他放弃社交媒体。但是他坚持发推特——其中包括一些拼写错误，把它当作与“假新闻”斗争的工具。
特朗普的账号周四可能是被“不经意”停用的，但是推特仍然不得不解释自己为什么没有删除总统的某些特别的推特信息。在九月份的连续六条推特信息中，特朗普发出了在某些人看来是威胁朝鲜的信息。像《华盛顿邮报》报道的那样，推特禁止包括暴力威胁的信息，有人说威胁正是特朗普的目的。推特回应说，在评估有争议的推特内容时，有很多要考量的因素，包括其“新闻价值”以及它是否有“公共价值”。
除了这些对抗朝鲜的推特信息外，还有其他情况，对此批评者要求对特朗普账号进行更严密的管制，比如他曾经在推特上发了一个被编辑过的视频，其中他自己在打人，受害者的脸被CNN的标识所替代。但是推特曾经中止了其他人的账号。上个月，女演员Rose McGowan在推特上挑战Ben Affleck，后者声称自己对Harvey Weinstein持续数十年的性侵和对女性的暴力不知情。但是她的另一条推特信息使她的账号被暂时停用。尽管起初拒绝评论那条推特信息的内容，但是推特后来解释说McGowan的“账号被暂时锁定，是因为她的一条推特信息中包括一个私人电话号码，这违背了推特的服务条款”。
特朗普在晚间8点05分又回到推特，盛赞当天的“减税计划首秀”，好像他从来没有离开过一样。
TEXT 39
Movies and television may give us the impression that technology can do anything，but who is shown using tech on screen? A new report，released today，examined portrayals of computer science across media.The results demonstrate that while the uses of tech may seem to be unfettered，there are still limits as to who can be shown on screen using computer science.
The study，conducted by Professor Stacy L.Smith，examined television content and movies.The result is a sweeping investigation that examines how many characters use computer science，the demographic attributes of those characters，and the nature of those depictions.The study sheds light on how media portrayals may present a skewed vision of computer science.For companies，schools，and parents，the report demonstrates how media offers audiences a window into computer science as an activity or profession that may fail to attract a diverse group of participants.
One team working to create a more vibrant media environment is Google's CS in Media team. With the goal of inspiring a new，inclusive vision of computer science，Google's CS in Media team has served as a resource to the entertainment industry by advising content creators on computer science-related storylines across ten TV series and TV movies.One aim of the study was to assess the impact of the project.The analysis found 5.9 percent of 1,039 characters depicted in the set of programs influenced by Google were engaged in computer science，compared with less than 1 percent of 883 characters in a matched sample of content.For this portion of the analysis，every episode of each series sampled was assessed.These results demonstrate how rarely computer science is shown on screen，and reinforce the importance of Google's ongoing efforts.
In addition，popular media content was analyzed to provide further context for Google's CS in Media team.Only 2.2 percent of a total of 2,138 characters used computer science across the top 20 movies of 2015，20 popular TV series with 18-49 year olds from 2015-2016，and 20 popular TV series among 2 to 12 year olds from the same time frame.Two episodes of each TV series were included in the analysis.
“Storytelling opens a window into professions or activities that might not otherwise capture our imaginations，” said Professor Smith and the study's lead author.“Although technology powers much of our daily lives，we see few stories that reflect this in media.Given this，Google's work to highlight computer science in narratives is more important than ever，especially those showcasing women and individuals from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups.”
1.The new study examines the____.
[A] depictions of computer science in TV and film content
[B] profession and activities TV and film characters engage in
[C] impression left on the audience by computer science
[D] statistics worked out by Google's CS in Media team
2.The study has found the media portrayals____.
[A] enlightening
[B] mysterious
[C] misleading
[D] bizarre
3.The main object of Google's CS in Media team is to____.
[A] study the status of the entertainment industry
[B] make computer science more appealing to people
[C] produce films or TV programs with computer
[D] integrate computer science into films and TV series
4.Has the work of Google's CS in Media team proved successful?
[A] It is highly successful.
[B] It is moderately successful.
[C] It is a disastrous failure.
[D] It doesn't makes much difference.
5.To the work of Google's team，the author's attitude is____.
[A] negative
[B] reserved
[C] critical
[D] positive
考研必备词汇
疑难长句注解
1.For companies，schools，and parents...group of participants.（第二段）
本句的大概意思是：由于电视和电影人物从事计算机科学比例小，所以不可能对观众起到榜样示范作用，不能吸引各种社会群体的观众来从事这个行业。本句中，participants指加入计算机科学活动或行业的人，diverse group指各种社会群体。
2.The analysis found...sample of content.（第三段）
本文中depicted和portray都指电影或电视剧中对人物形象的塑造。本句中programs指电视节目；influenced by Google是过去分词短语，作定语修饰programs，其中Google并非指谷歌公司，而是指本段第一句提到的那个研究小组Google's CS in Media team（CS是computer science的缩写）；matched sample of content指用来作对比的那些电视剧的内容。
3.Only 2.2 percent...the same time frame.（第四段）
本句的主干结构是Only 2.2 percent of a total of 2,138 characters used computer science...，其他部分均是across的宾语，即across the top 20 movies...，（across）20 popular TV series...，and（across）20 popular TV series...。其中from the same time frame指2015年到2016年。
4.“Storytelling opens...lead author.（第五段）
本句中storytelling是指电影和电视剧的故事情节，opens a window into实际上是说让他们了解到一些行业和活动的状况，otherwise是说如果没有这些故事情节，capture our imaginations表面的意思是说“抓住了我们的想象力”，实际上是说引起了我们对这些活动和行业的关注。句子的大概意思是：电影和电视剧中从事计算机科学行业的人物很少，注意到媒体的这种现象促使我们去研究媒体与现实状况之间的联系，即媒体没有起到鼓励观众从事这类活动和行业的示范作用。
5.Given this，Google's work...groups.”（第五段）
本句中，Given this意为“考虑到这一状况”；Google's work还是指Google's CS in Media team这个研究小组所做的工作；showcasing是说电影和电视剧中对人物的刻画，与depict的意思相近；underrepresented是说未被充分代表的，比如某个种族在美国总人口中占比6%，而电影和电视剧中这个种族的人物的出现率只有2%，那么这个种族就可以被称作是underrepresented racial/ethnic group。
译文
电影和电视可能给我们留下这样的印象：技术可以做任何事情，但是屏幕上显示的使用技术的是哪些人呢？今天发布的一份新报告研究了媒体上对计算机科学的刻画。结果显示，虽然技术的使用似乎没有锁定某些人，但谁能出现在屏幕上从事计算机科学，这仍然有限制。
这项研究是Stacy L.Smith教授带领完成的，分析了电视内容和电影。结果导致一项广泛的调查，分析有多少人物从事计算机科学、这些人物的人口特征、人物刻画的本质。这项研究让我们明白媒体中的刻画可能怎样呈现出一个歪曲的计算机科学景象。对公司、学校和家长来说，这个报告能说明媒体怎样为观众提供了一个认识计算机科学的窗口，看看它如何成了一个没能吸引到各种社会群体的人参与的活动或行业。
有一个小组正在致力于创造一个更有活力的媒体环境，这就是谷歌的“媒体中的计算机科学”小组。其目标是培育一个新的、更包容的计算机科学前景，该团队在10部电视连续剧和电影中涉及计算机科学的故事情节上，为内容创作者提供建议，成了娱乐行业的一个资源。这项研究的一个目标是评估这个项目的影响。分析发现，在受到谷歌小组影响的那些节目中，刻画的1039个人物有5.9%的人从事计算机科学；相比之下，在内容可比的节目样本中，883个人物中只有不到1%的人从事计算机科学。在这部分的分析中，对被抽样的每部连续剧的每一集都进行了分析。这些结果说明计算机科学在屏幕上出现得是多么少，也突显了谷歌小组目前所做工作的重要性。
而且，研究者还对大众传媒的内容进行了分析，为谷歌小组提供了更多情景。在2015年上映的20部最佳电影中，在2015年至2016年间上映的为18~49岁人所喜欢的20部电视连续剧中，还有在同一时段中最受2~12岁孩子喜欢的电视连续剧中，他们分析了共2138个人物，其中只有2.2%的人从事计算机科学。研究者从每部电视连续剧中抽取两集进行了分析。
Smith教授主持了这项研究，他说，“故事情节打开了一个窗口，让我们了解某些行业或活动的状态，如果没有这些情节，我们就不会注意到这些状态。虽然技术为我们的许多日常生活提供了动力，但是我们在媒体中却很少能看到反映这一现状的故事。考虑到这种情况，谷歌小组致力于突显计算机科学在故事中的地位，这比以往任何时候都更加重要，特别是当这些故事反映被忽视族裔的妇女和个人的生活时”。
TEXT 40
Chastened by criticism that Facebook had turned a blind eye to Russia's manipulation of the social network to interfere in the 2016 election，the company's executives now acknowledge a need to do better and have promised to be more transparent about who is paying for political ads.Mark Zuckerberg said on Thursday that the company would give congressional investigators more than 3,000 Russia-linked ads and would begin disclosing the names of Facebook business accounts that place political ads on the site.A day earlier his top lieutenant，Sheryl Sandberg，pledged to change the company's systems so ad buyers couldn't target their messages to racists and anti-Semites.
Companies like Facebook，Twitter and Google have become a huge force in the political system and in society broadly.While their executives have eagerly embraced their status as disrupters and innovators，they have been reluctant to acknowledge that their creations have been used to do harm.Technology executives have been loath to accept much or any responsibility for the power they and their businesses wield.In fact，many of them have gone out of their way to avoid or evade rules that apply to the traditional businesses that they are trying to displace.For example，Facebook argued in a 2011 letter to the Federal Election Commission that it and other internet companies should not be subject to regulations on political ads that radio and TV stations have to abide by.
Some of the changes Mr.Zuckerberg announced could have a positive impact.But they apply only to his company and can be easily evaded.Disclosing the name of Facebook business accounts placing political ads，for instance，will be of little value if purchasers can disguise their real identity—calling themselves，say，Americans for Motherhood and Apple Pie.Further，even if Facebook succeeds in driving away foreign propaganda，the same material could pop up on Twitter or other social media sites.
More comprehensive safeguards will need intervention from Congress，which could begin by passing a law requiring online political ads—those that mention candidates seeking office or that advocate for certain political outcomes—to disclose who paid for them.Congress should also require internet companies to preserve the ads，and data about the groups the ads were targeted against，to help investigators looking into illicit activities.Of course，legislation cannot completely protect American elections from outside interference.An educational effort by government，schools，civil society groups and the media to help people distinguish facts from fakery might help.The willingness of social media to serve as a theater for obvious propaganda doesn't help advance the cause of truth.
1.Facebook made all the following promises except____.
[A] providing evidence for Russia's manipulation
[B] revealing the names of the political ads payers
[C] being more cooperative in Congress's investigation
[D] screening and preventing discriminatory messages
2.The author accuses the technology executives of____.
[A] expanding power into political and social life
[B] using creations to manipulate social forces
[C] neglecting their social responsibility
[D] disrupting traditional businesses
3.The letter to the Commission showed Facebook's attempt to____.
[A] replace traditional businesses more rapidly
[B] evade responsibility traditional businesses assume
[C] exert more influence on the Commission
[D] turn its responsibility onto traditional businesses
4.The author mentions Americans for Motherhood and Apple Pie to____.
[A] point to the ridiculous nature of political ads
[B] illustrate how Zuckerberg's promises can fail
[C] emphasize the harms done by social media
[D] indicate mothers are easily influenced by ads
5.The Congress can make laws to____.
[A] prohibit candidates from appearing on social media
[B] protecting candidates seeking public offices
[C] requiring internet companies to monitor illicit ads
[D] require social media to cooperate in investigation
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.lieutenant 副官；上尉
2.anti-Semite 反犹太主义者
3.disrupter瓦解者，破坏者
疑难长句注解
1.In fact，many of them have...displace.（第二段）
本句中,go out of one's way to do something指超出自己的责任（或身份等）去做某事；avoid or evade rules that apply to the traditional businesses，跟上一句中loath to accept much or any responsibility for the power they and their businesses wield意思差不多，都是说网络公司不愿意像传统公司那样，对自己的产品或发明创造承担法律或社会责任。
2.More comprehensive safeguards...for them.（第四段）
本句中，office指政府职务或职位；candidates seeking office指想竞选政府职位的人；political outcomes主要指政府政策或行为上的结果，因此advocate for certain political outcomes指通过政治广告来给政府施压，让政府按照自己的意愿制定政策或采取行动。
3.Congress should also...activities.（第四段）
本句中，data about the groups the ads were targeted against指有关政治广告攻击的群体的数据，词组look into意为“调查”。要求网络公司保留广告和保留数据，其目的都是为了配合调查违法行为。
译文
Facebook被指责对于俄罗斯操纵社交网络干预2016年大选视而不见，公司高管现在承认，有必要做得更好，并许诺在谁支付政治广告费上更加透明。马克·扎克伯格在星期四说，公司将为国会调查提供3000多个与俄罗斯有关的广告，并将开始透露在Facebook网站做政治广告的商业账户名称。一天前，其高级助理Sheryl Sandberg许诺改变公司的系统，这样，广告购买者就不能把他们的信息传达给种族主义者和反犹分子了。
像Facebook、Twitter和Google这样的公司，在政治体系和社会中已经明显成为巨大的力量。一方面，高管们急于拥抱他们作为瓦解者和创新者的地位；另一方面，他们却一直不愿意承认自己的创造已经被用来做坏事。技术高管们不愿意为他们及其公司支配的权力承担很多——或者任何责任。事实上，他们中有很多人甚至想避开或躲避他们正在设法取代的传统企业遵守的那些规则。比如，Facebook在2011年给联邦选举委员会的一封信中辩称，它和其他网络公司不应该遵守电台和电视台遵守的政治广告法规。
扎克伯格宣布的这些变化有些可能产生积极影响。但是它们只适用于他的公司，而且可以被轻易规避。比如，透露做Facebook政治广告的商业账户名称几乎没有任何价值，如果广告购买者伪装自己的真实身份——比如称自己是“美国母亲与苹果派协会”。而且，即使Facebook成功地赶走外国的宣传，同样的材料还可以出现在Twitter或其他社交媒体网站上。
更全面的保护措施需要国会的介入，它可以着手通过一项法律，要求在线政治广告透露购买人——这些广告包括提及想竞选政府职务的候选人或主张某些政治结果的广告。国会还应该要求网络公司保存广告和广告旨在攻击群体的数据，以便有助于调查者调查违法活动。当然，立法不能完全保护美国的选举免受外来干扰。政府、学校、民间社会组织和媒体都应该做出教育努力，这有助于人民分清事实和造假。如果社交媒体自愿成为明显的政治宣传的场所，那么这无助于推进真理事业的发展。
TEXT 41
One week before the recent massive hack attack shut off access to Twitter，PayPal，Airbnb and dozens of other major websites，I was at an off-the-record conference with leaders of some of the country's biggest companies，discussing cyberthreats. Like soldiers in one of the landing crafts approaching the beach on D-Day，the CEOs seemed resigned to their grim fate. A destructive attack was inevitably going to rip through some，if not all，of them. And most weren't even imagining how bad it's going to get. IBM CEO Ginni Rometty has said cybercrime is today's greatest threat to global business，apparently putting it ahead of nuclear war，climate change or an alien invasion.
We're in an age of world-changing technological wonders—self-driving cars，artificial intelligence，digital currencies，virtual reality，speech recognition that's more accurate than humans. We're putting chips and software into everything and connecting it all to a global network，creating a giant net of people，places and things. These advances can make life easier，safer and more prosperous for most people. But technology doesn't have morals，and bad people with evil intentions can hijack any invention. Your cool new electronic-connected toilet? Just wait until a hacker turns it against you.
As the world grows ever more digital，hacking is at the same time becoming ever more profitable，ever more destructive. Yet no one knows how to stop the increasingly sophisticated hacking. No research lab is on the brink of a breakthrough. No security company makes software that's impenetrable. Meanwhile，cybercrime is turning into a booming industry. “You really have to have an hour-by-hour sense of paranoia now，” said Mike Campbell，CEO of a financial software company.
The October 21 attack against DynDNS gave us all a taste of a doomsday scenario. Companies afflicted by the Dyn attack must have lost millions of dollars in business. Cyberattacks cost companies $400 billion a year，and that doesn't even start to measure the damage from losing customers' confidence and the rocketing costs to companies now in the arms race to protect their systems from hackers.
Attacks like the one on Dyn are by no means the only kind of cybervillain activity. Hackers broke into Yahoo and stole names，passwords，birth dates and other personal info from 200 million users，allegedly to be sold to identity thieves. The Russians broke into the computers of the Hillary Clinton campaign in hopes of influencing the election. They may analyze this attack and come back later with a more serious attack.
1.Unlike Ginni Rometty，most CEOs_____.
[A] were not invited to speak at the conference
[B] weren't fully aware how bad cybercrime was
[C] had not experienced cyberattack personally
[D] had the experience of serving in the army
2.To “hijack an invention” （Para. 2） means to_____.
[A] digitalize it
[B] patent it
[C] manipulate it
[D] access it
3.The increasing sophistication of hackers_____.
[A] poses a serious threat to security companies
[B] makes software completely impenetrable
[C] makes it technologically difficult to handle it
[D] makes it necessary to update software hourly
4.The author mentions all the harms caused by cyberattacks except_____.
[A] reduced credibility of companies
[B] losses in business and less earnings
[C] more costly defense mechanism
[D] difficulty in evaluating the damage
5.Yahoo and Hilary are used to_____.
[A] illustrate different kinds of cyberattacks
[B] demonstrate the damage by cyberattacks
[C] show the seriousness of cyberattacks
[D] explain the kind of information stolen
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
cybervillain 网络恶棍
疑难长句注解
1.Like soldiers in one of...grim fate. （第一段）
本句把参会的CEO比作第二次世界大战中欧洲战场参加诺曼底登陆的士兵，其中landing craft指登陆用的船只，D-Day指第二次世界大战盟军在法国北部诺曼底海滩的登陆日（1944年6月6日）。词组be resigned to意为“把……交给，听从”。这句话是比喻计算机网络公司的CEO们面对黑客频繁攻击一筹莫展的心情。
2.Cyberattacks cost companies...from hackers. （第四段）
本句中that指上半句表达的内容，即黑客攻击使各个公司损失了4000亿美元；measure是动词，这里意为“比较，与……匹敌”；arm race本指“军备竞赛”，这里用作比喻。
译文
最近的大规模黑客攻击致使人们无法访问Twitter，PayPal，Airbnb和十几个其他重要网站，此前一周，我参加了一个非正式会议，某些美国最大公司的领导参会，讨论网络威胁。像坐在登陆艇上在登陆日冲向海滩的盟军士兵那样，这些公司总管似乎接受了残酷命运的安排。一次破坏性攻击将会不可避免地降临到他们某些人——如果不是全部的话——身上。而且，他们中大部分人甚至还没有想象到这种攻击将会是多么糟糕。IBM总裁Ginni Rometty说，网络犯罪是今天对全球经济的最大威胁，她显然把它排在了核战争、气候变化或外星人入侵之前。
我们处在一个多变的技术奇迹时代，包括无人驾驶汽车、人工智能、数字货币、虚拟现实、比人还精确的语言识别。我们把芯片和软件装在了每件东西上，把它们都连到一个全球网络上，创造了一个由人、地方和东西构成的巨大网络。这些进步能使大多数人的生活变得更轻松、更安全、更兴旺。但是，技术是没有道德的，有邪恶意图的坏人可以绑架任何发明。你那个很酷的有电子连接的新马桶？就等着黑客用它来整你吧。
随着世界变得越来越数字化，黑客攻击同时也在变得比以往更有利可图、更富毁灭性。可是，没有人知道怎样制止越来越复杂的黑客技术。没有任何研究实验室能很快找到突破性技术，没有哪家安全公司能制作出不能被侵入的软件。同时，网络犯罪正在变成一个日益繁荣的行业。Mike Campbell是一家金融软件公司的总管，他说，“现在，你真的不得不每一个小时都感觉疑神疑鬼。”
10月21日对DynDNS的攻击让我们都尝到世界末日的滋味。经历Dyn攻击痛苦的公司在业务上肯定遭受了千百万美元的损失。网络攻击每年造成公司4000亿美元的损失，这甚至还不包括客户失去信心造成的损失，还有公司现在为保护自己的系统免受黑客攻击而承担的快速增长的成本。
对Dyn等的攻击绝不是网络犯罪活动的唯一类型。黑客侵入雅虎，盗窃两亿用户的名字、密码、出生日期和其他个人信息，据说卖给了盗窃身份的人。俄罗斯人侵入希拉里·克林顿的竞选电脑，希望影响大选结果。他们可能分析这类攻击，以便事后进行更严重的攻击。
TEXT 42
As we use online services，they learn more and more about us. To protect individual privacy rights，we've developed the idea of “information fiduciaries.” In the law，a fiduciary is a person or business with an obligation to act in a trustworthy manner in the interest of another. Examples are professionals and managers who handle our money or our estates. An information fiduciary is a person or business that deals not in money but in information. Doctors，lawyers，and accountants are examples. Because doctors，lawyers，and accountants know so much about us，and because we have to depend on them，the law requires them to act in good faith—on pain of loss of their license to practice，and a lawsuit by their clients.
The information age has created new kinds of entities that have many of the trappings of fiduciaries. Like older fiduciaries，these businesses have become virtually indispensable. Like older fiduciaries，these companies collect a lot of personal information that could be used to our detriment. And like older fiduciaries，these businesses enjoy a much greater ability to monitor our activities than we have to monitor theirs. As a result，many people who need these services often shrug their shoulders and decide to trust them. But the important question is whether these businesses，like older fiduciaries，have legal obligations to be trustworthy. The answer is that they should.
To deal with the new problems that digital businesses create，we need to adapt old legal ideas to create a new kind of law—one that clearly states the kinds of duties that online firms owe their end users and customers. The most basic obligation is a duty to look out for the interests of the people whose data businesses regularly harvest and profit from. At the very least，digital businesses may not act like conmen—inducing trust in end users and then actively working against their interests. If Mark Zuckerberg supports the Democrat in a particular election，Facebook shouldn't be able to use its data analysis to remind its Democratic users that it's election day—while neglecting to remind people who it thinks will vote for Republicans.
The project of encouraging some accountability requires fairness in both directions—fairness to end users，and fairness to businesses，who shouldn't have new and unpredictable obligations dropped on them by surprise. The task also requires determining the proper scope of fiduciary duties and the remedies for their violation. Finally，we have to persuade companies that these duties make sense，and give them reasons to accept that they are a new kind of fiduciary in the digital age.
1.A fiduciary is a person or business that_____.
[A] supervises the act of professionals
[B] guarantees the good faith of businesses
[C] ensures that information is not misused
[D] is entrusted by someone to act for him
2.The word “trappings” （Para. 2） probably means_____.
[A] characteristics
[B] wrongdoings
[C] obligations
[D] entitlements
3.Like traditional fiduciary，information fiduciary_____.
[A] has to dispense with their own interest
[B] trades off information of their clients
[C] has to prove himself to be in good faith
[D] has the obligation to be monitored
4.If Facebook acts favorably toward the Democrat candidate，it_____.
[A] violates its end users' interests
[B] annoys voters for Republicans
[C] profits from the users' information
[D] gets involved in political disputes
5.The text is mainly about_____.
[A] how information fiduciaries differ from older ones
[B] what is to be written into the duties of online firms
[C] what online companies have done to harm its users
[D] why online users keep revealing their information
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.fiduciary 受委托人
2.in good faith 诚心诚意地
3.trapping 特征，象征
4.conman 骗子
随着我们使用网络服务公司，它们越来越了解我们。为了保护个人隐私权，我们形成了“信息受托人”这个概念。在法律上，受托人指一个人或公司，有义务代表另一个人的利益以可信的方式去做事。比如各类专业人士、经理人，他们处理我们的钱或财产。信息受托人指的是一个人或公司，但并不处理钱，而是处理信息。医生、律师和会计是最好的例子。因为医生、律师和会计对我们了如指掌，因为我们不得不依靠他们，法律要求他们按照良好的信誉办事，否则就会招致失去开业执照的痛苦，或者遭到客户起诉。
信息时代创立了新的实体，它们有受托人的很多标志性特征。像传统受托人一样，这些公司实际上已经变得不可或缺。像传统受托人一样，这些公司收集很多个人信息，可以用来害我们。像传统受托人一样，较之于我们监视它们，这些公司监视我们的活动的能力大得多。结果，许多需要这些服务公司的人经常耸耸肩，决定相信它们。但是，重要的问题是：这些公司是否像传统受托人一样也有法律上的义务使自己值得信赖。答案是它们应该这样。
为了解决数字公司创造的新问题，我们需要采用一些传统法律观念来创造一种新的法律。该法律清楚地说明在线公司对终端用户和顾客的各种义务。其中最基本的义务是留意公司常收集和从中获利的数据，以便保护数据相关人的利益。至少，数字公司不能像骗子一样做事——它们不能通过诱惑手段赢得终端用户的信任，然后主动侵犯他们的利益。如果扎克伯格在某个选举中支持民主党候选人，Facebook不应该使用其数据分析能力来提醒民主党用户选举日的到来，而没有提醒它认为投共和党票的人。
鼓励承担义务的做法需要保障双向公平——一方面对终端用户公平，一方面对公司公平，公司不应该被强加一些新的、不期而至的义务。这些做法也需要我们确定受托人义务的合理范围以及违犯义务时的补救措施。最后，我们需要说服网络公司，这些义务是有道理的，并给出理由，让它们认识到自己是数字时代的新型受托人。
TEXT 43
In the 1990s, the term “digital divide” emerged to describe technology's haves and have-nots. It inspired many efforts to get the latest computing tools into the hands of all Americans, particularly low-income families. Those efforts have indeed shrunk the divide. But they have created an unintended side effect, one that is surprising and troubling to researchers and policy makers and that the government now wants to fix.
As access to devices has spread, children in poorer families are spending considerably more time than children from more well-off families using their television and gadgets to watch shows and videos, play games and connect on social networking sites, studies show. This growing time-wasting gap, policy makers and researchers say, is more a reflection of the ability of parents to monitor and limit how children use technology than of access to it. “I'm not anti-technology at home, but it's not a savior,” said Laura Robell, the principal at a public middle school.
The new divide is such a cause of concern for the Federal Communications Commission that it is considering a proposal to spend $200 million to create a digital literacy corps. This group of hundreds, even thousands, of trainers would fan out to schools and libraries to teach productive uses of computers for parents, students and job seekers. These efforts complement a handful of private and state projects aimed at paying for digital trainers to teach everything from basic keyboard use and word processing to how to apply for jobs online or use filters to block children from seeing online pornography. But “access is not a panacea,” said Danah Boyd, a senior researcher at Microsoft. “Not only does it not solve problems, it mirrors and magnifies existing problems we've been ignoring.”
Children of more educated parents, generally understood as a proxy for higher socioeconomic status, also largely use their devices for entertainment. Policy makers and researchers say the challenges are heightened for parents and children with fewer resources—the very people who were supposed to be helped by closing the digital divide.
Despite the educational potential of computers, the reality is that their use for education or meaningful content creation is insignificant compared to their use for pure entertainment. Instead of closing the achievement gap, they're widening the time-wasting gap. “Digital literacy is so important,” said Julius Genachowski, chairman of the commission, adding that bridging the digital divide now also means “giving parents and students the tools and know-how to use technology for education and job-skills training.”
1.Bridging the “digital divide” has the side effect of_____.
[A] letting poor children waste more time on electronic distractions
[B] burdening the government with the trouble of overseeing children
[C] forcing low-income families to buy the latest electronic gadgets
[D] imposing on parents the burden of teaching children computer skills
2.Laura Robell seems to_____.
[A] be confused about how to oversee the use of computer
[B] consider efforts to fill the “digital divide” to be of little help
[C] doubt the parents' ability to monitor their children
[D] have found a solution to address the new divide
3.The main objective of the Commission's proposal is to_____.
[A] investigate the result of the digital gap narrowing efforts
[B] putting more digital devices in schools and libraries
[C] teach parents what private projects have failed to teach
[D] promote the productive use of digital technologies
4.Regarding efforts to narrow the digital gap, Danah Boyd_____.
[A] holds a similar point of view to Laura Robell
[B] disapproves the Commission's approach to it
[C] believes such efforts were doomed from the beginning
[D] insists that such efforts create rather than solve problems
5.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
[A] The educational potential of computers is under-tapped.
[B] Efforts to narrow the digital gap have proved to be a failure.
[C] Wasting time is becoming a new divide in the digital era.
[D] Digital literary is declining despite the increase in computer use.
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.corps 团体
2.panacea 万能药
3.proxy 代理人，取代物
疑难长句注解
1.As access to devices...studies show. （第二段）
本句很长，其中的主干结构是children...are spending...time...using...，“孩子们花时间做某事”，而watch, play和connect三个动词并列作目的状语，即use...to watch..., to play...and to connect“用某个东西来看……，玩……，联络……”。本句中，access to devices指计算机等设备的使用，well-off families指生活宽裕的家庭，gadget指电子设备，social networking sites指网络上的社交网站。
2.This growing time-wasting gap...access to it. （第二段）
本句是一个比较级句子，其中more...than...比较两个名词短语，than之后省略了a reflection （of access to it），可以译成“与其……不如……”。
译文
在20世纪90年代，“数字鸿沟”一词出现，用来描述拥有技术的人和不拥有技术的人。它激励人们做出很多努力，试图把最新的计算工具送到所有美国人手中，尤其是低收入家庭。诚然，这种努力确实缩小了数字鸿沟，但同时也产生了意料之外的副作用，这一副作用令研究者与政策制定者吃惊和不安，政府现在希望解决它。
各项研究表明，随着获取电子设备渠道的扩展，贫穷家庭的孩子与家庭条件更好的孩子相比，把大量更多的时间浪费在用电视或电子产品上，用来看表演、视频，玩游戏和浏览社交网站。政策制定者和研究者称，这个越来越大的浪费时间的鸿沟，更多地反映出家长监督和约束孩子如何利用科技的能力，而不是他们获取科技产品的能力。“我不反对在家中使用科技产品，但它们不是我们的救星。”一所公立中学的校长Laura Robell这么说道。
新的鸿沟令美国联邦通信委员会感到忧心忡忡，以至于他们正考虑起草一份提案，建议投入2亿美元设立一个数字技术教育团队。该团队的成百上千名培训师将奔向各地的学校和图书馆，向家长、学生以及求职者传授富有成效地使用电脑的方法。这些努力是对一些私人项目和州项目的补充，后者旨在让数字培训师有偿传授各种东西，从基本的键盘使用和文字处理，到如何在线申请工作，或使用过滤手段阻碍孩子观看网络色情内容。但是“获取电脑并不是万灵药，”微软公司高级研究员Danah Boyd说，“它不仅解决不了问题，反而反映并放大了我们一直忽视的现存问题。”
受过良好教育的家长通常被认为是具有较高社会经济地位人群的代表，他们的孩子也在很大程度上将电子产品用于娱乐。政策制定者和研究者说，这些挑战对拥有更少资源的家长和孩子而言更严峻，而他们正是我们缩小数字鸿沟所希望帮助的人群。
尽管电脑具有教育潜力，现实是，与用于纯娱乐相比，它们在教育或有其他有意义的内容的创造上贡献甚微。它们没有缩小成就鸿沟，而是扩大了浪费时间上的鸿沟。“数字知识非常重要，”美国联邦通信委员会主席Julius Genachowski说，并补充道，弥合数字鸿沟如今还意味着“给家长和学生以工具和使用方法，使他们利用科技获得教育和工作技能培训”。
TEXT 44
People who use Facebook and Twitter are less likely than others to share their opinions on hot-button issues, even when they are offline, according to a surprising new survey by the Pew Research Center. The study, done in conjunction with Rutgers University in New Jersey, challenges the view of social media as a vehicle for debate by suggesting that sites like Facebook and Twitter might actually encourage self-censorship. Researchers said they detect what they call the “spiral of silence” phenomenon: Unless people know their audience agrees, they are likely to shy away from discussing anything controversial.
“People do not tend to be using social media for this type of important political discussion. And if anything, it may actually be removing conversation from the public sphere,” said Keith Hampton, a communications professor at Rutgers University who helped conduct the study. The survey was conducted shortly after Edward Snowden acknowledged leaking classified intelligence that exposed widespread government surveillance of Americans' phone and email records. Hampton said the Snowden case provided researchers with a concrete example of a major national issue that divided Americans and dominated news coverage.
Of the 1,801 adults surveyed, 86 percent said they would be willing to discuss their views about government surveillance if it came up at various in-person scenarios, such as at a public meeting, at work or at a restaurant with friends. But just 42 percent of Facebook or Twitter users said they would be willing to post online about it. Someone who goes on Twitter a few times per day was one-quarter as likely to share opinions in the workplace compared with those who never use Twitter. Only when a person felt that their Facebook network agreed with their opinion were they twice as likely to join a site discussion on the issue.
Another finding was that social media didn't make it easier for people to share opinions they wouldn't otherwise share. Of the 14 percent of Americans unwilling to discuss the Snowden case with others in person, fewer than one-half of 1 percent were willing to discuss it on social media. Lee Rainie, director of the Pew Research Center Internet Project, said, “Because they use social media, they may know more about the depth of disagreement over the issue in their wide circle of contacts. This might make them hesitant to speak up either online or offline for fear of starting an argument, offending or even losing a friend.”
While many people might say keeping political debate off Facebook is a matter of tact, Hampton said there is a concern that a person's fear of offending someone on social media stifles debate.
1.The researchers have found that social media users_____.
[A] mainly use these media as a vehicle for self-censorship
[B] avoid making comments on socially sensitive issues
[C] support censorship on hot-button socio-political issues
[D] disregard whether their audience agree with them or not
2.According to Keith Hampton, enthusiasm for online political discussion_____.
[A] has risen due to easier access to social media
[B] declines as a result of government surveillance
[C] is further stimulated by Edward Snowden
[D] has actually receded from social media
3.Twitter users are more likely to share opinions when_____.
[A] the issue discussed is controversial
[B] the issue dominates news coverage
[C] most of their audience agree with them
[D] they are not engaged in face-to-face encounter
4.What Lee Rainie says means that_____.
[A] social media actually sensitize people to different opinions
[B] more Americans prefer to discuss an issue on social media
[C] people share opinions on social media they usually withhold
[D] people don't like their friends to express their opinions for them
5.The writer concludes the text by expressing the_____.
[A] fear that social media may encourage self-censorship
[B] hope that more and more people join in online debate
[C] wish to drive political discussion off social media
[D] disagreement with Hampton's fear about online debate
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
hot-button 热点的，热门的
译文
皮尤研究中心一项令人惊奇的新调查发现，使用Facebook和Twitter的人比其他人更不可能分享他们对热点问题的见解，即使他们下线之后也是如此。这项研究是同位于新泽西州的罗格斯大学合作完成的，研究表明，像Facebook和Twitter这样的社交网站实际上可能鼓励自我审查，这对把社交媒体看作辩论渠道的观点提出了挑战。研究者说，他们观察到一种他们称作“沉默的螺旋”的现象：除非人们知道听众会赞同，否则他们可能回避讨论任何有争议的事情。
罗格斯大学传播学教授帮助完成了这项研究，他说：“人们倾向于不使用社交媒体来讨论这类重要政治问题。如果有什么变化的话，社交媒体可能实际上正在使网络交谈退出公共领域。”这项研究是在Edward Snowden承认泄露机密情报之后不久做的，他揭露了政府对美国人电话和邮件记录的广泛监视。Hampton说，Snowden的案例为研究者提供了一个具体事例，展示了美国人在一个主宰着新闻报道的重大国内问题上的分歧。
在被调查的1801个成年人中，有86%的人说，如果在各种面对面的场合提及政府监督的问题，比如在公开的会议上、在工作中或在饭馆与朋友用餐时，他们愿意与人讨论自己的观点。但是，只有42%的Facebook和Twitter使用者说，他们愿意把自己的观点发表在网上。那些每天上好几次Twitter的人，在工作中分享自己见解的可能性，是从来不用Twitter的人的1/4。只有当一个人感觉他们的Facebook网络赞同自己的见解，他们加入网站讨论的可能性会增加一倍。
另外一个发现是，社交媒体并没有让人们更容易地发表在其他场合下不愿意分享的见解。14%的美国人表示不愿意与其他人面对面讨论Snowden事件，其中只有不到0.5%表示愿意在社会媒体上讨论他。主管皮尤研究中心互联网项目的Lee Rainie说：“因为这些人使用社交媒体，他们联系圈子大，对某个问题的分歧程度可能了解更得多。这可能使他们在线上和线下说话时产生犹豫，因为他们害怕引起争论、得罪甚至失去朋友。”
虽然许多人可能说，不加入Facebook上的政治争论是一个策略问题，但Hampton却认为，我们有理由担心，人们害怕在社交网络上得罪人，这种心态容易窒息争论。
TEXT 45
Those who have resisted the urge to join Facebook will surely feel justified when they read the latest research. A study just published by the Public Library of Science, conducted by Ethan Kross of the University of Michigan and Philippe Verduyn of Leuven University in Belgium, has shown that the more someone uses Facebook, the less satisfied he is with life. Past investigations have found that using Facebook is associated with jealousy, social tension, isolation and depression. But these studies have all been “cross-sectional”—in other words, snapshots in time. As such, they risk confusing correlation with causation: perhaps those who spend more time on social media are more prone to negative emotions in the first place. The study conducted by Dr Kross and Dr Verduyn is the first to follow Facebook users for an extended period, to track how their emotions change.
The researchers recruited 82 Facebookers for their study. These volunteers, in their late teens or early 20s, agreed to have their Facebook activity observed for two weeks and to report, five times a day, on their state of mind and their direct social contacts （phone calls and meetings in person with other people）. These reports were prompted by text messages, sent between 10am and midnight, asking them to complete a short questionnaire.
When the researchers analysed the results, they found that the more a volunteer used Facebook in the period between two questionnaires, the worse he reported feeling the next time he filled in a questionnaire. Volunteers were also asked to rate their satisfaction with life at the start and the end of the study. Those who used Facebook a lot were more likely to report a decline in satisfaction than those who visited the site infrequently. In contrast, there was a positive association between the amount of direct social contact a volunteer had and how positive he felt. A volunteer's sex had no influence on these findings; nor did the size of his （or her） social network, his stated motivation for using Facebook, his level of loneliness or depression or his self-esteem. Dr Kross and Dr Verduyn therefore conclude that, rather than enhancing well-being, Facebook undermines it.
Their study does not tease out why socialising on Facebook has a different effect from socialising in person. But an earlier investigation conducted by another group of social scientists may have found the root cause. These researchers surveyed 584 users of Facebook aged mostly in their 20s. They found that the most common emotion aroused by using Facebook is envy. Endlessly comparing themselves with peers who have doctored their photographs, amplified their achievements and plagiarised their bon mots can leave Facebook's users more than a little green-eyed.
What neither study proves is whether all this is true only for younger users of Facebook. Older ones may be more mellow, and thus less begrudging of their friends' successes, counterfeit or real.
1.What is true of the new research?
[A] It has been justified by past investigations.
[B] It has rejected the results of past investigations.
[C] It has confused correlation with causation.
[D] It has recorded emotional change over time.
2.In the experiment, the purpose of the text message was to_____.
[A] minimize the effect of negative feelings
[B] reduce the amount of direct social contact
[C] remind the volunteers to report their feelings
[D] ask the volunteers very short questions
3.More positive emotions are fostered by_____.
[A] increasing real-world socializing activities
[B] bringing positive feelings to Facebook use
[C] reporting personal feelings on Facebook frequently
[D] motivating oneself to use Facebook more often
4.It is found that online socializing undermines happiness_____.
[A] even if one's social network is fairly large
[B] especially when one feels lonely all the time
[C] although one has built a high sense of self-esteem
[D] even when one does not use Facebook frequently
5.The dissatisfaction of Facebook users results mainly from_____.
[A] their inability to control negative emotions
[B] their jealousy of others' accomplishments
[C] their lack of skill in taking good photographs
[D] their ignorance of online socializing strategies
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.cross-sectional 横断面的
2.doctor 修改，篡改
3.bon mot 妙语
4.mellow 成熟的
疑难长句注解
1.As such, they risk confusing...in the first place. （第一段）
本句中，as such意思是“像（或作为）这样的研究”；risk后跟动名词形式；correlation指两个事物之间的关联，但二者未必有因果关系，causation则指两个事物之间的因果联系。词组be prone to意为“倾向于，易于”，in the first place意为“起初，首先”。
2.A volunteer's sex had no influence...self-esteem.（第三段）
本句后半句是nor引导的省略句，意为“……对这些发现也没有影响”。其中主语有三个：一是the size of his （or her） social network，这里，social network指在线社交网络；二是his stated motivation for using Facebook，意为“他自己所说使用Facebook的动机”；三是his level of loneliness or depression or his self-esteem，这里，level指这三种心理的程度。
3.Endlessly comparing themselves...green-eyed.（第四段）
本句的主干结构是Endlessly comparing...can leave Facebook's users...green-eyed，其中，comparing...mots是动名词作主语。本句中，doctor是动词，意为“修饰，造假”，这里指美化自己的照片；bon mots是法语，意思是“妙语，箴言”，plagiarise their bon mots是说他们抄袭盗用别人的语言，把它们当作自己的语言；green-eyed意为“嫉妒的”。
4.Older ones may be more...or real. （第五段）
本句中，older ones指older users of Facebook，形容词mellow意为“成熟的”，（be） begrudging of意为be jealous of（对……嫉妒），counterfeit or real修饰successes，因为根据上一段，朋友们在Facebook等社交网络上容易夸大自己的成就。
译文
那些顶住冲动没有加入Facebook的人，当他们读到最新的一项研究时，肯定觉得自己是有道理的。《公共科学图书馆》刚刚登载了一项研究成果，它是由密歇根大学的伊桑·克罗斯和比利时勒芬大学的菲利普·范尔顿所做的研究，这些研究证明，一个人越多地使用Facebook，他对生活就越不满意。以前的研究已经发现，使用Facebook与嫉妒、社会关系紧张、孤独和抑郁症是相关的，但是这些研究都是“横断面的”，换言之，从时间上来看都是快照。这样的研究有把相互关系和因果关系混淆的危险：也许是，那些花更多时间在社交媒体上的人本来就容易产生负面情绪。克洛斯和范尔顿博士是首先长期跟踪Facebook使用者的人，目的是跟踪观察他们的情绪是如何变化的。
研究者招募到82名Facebook使用者参加他们的研究。这些志愿者都是20岁左右的青年人，他们同意在两周内观察他们使用Facebook的行为，每天5次报告他们的心态，以及他们直接的社会交往活动（比如打电话，与其他人直接会面）。这些报告是通过短信提示的，在上午10点和半夜之间发出，要求他们填完一份简短的调查表。
研究者在分析结果时发现，志愿者在两个调查表之间使用Facebook越多，他下次填调查表时报告的情绪状况越糟糕。志愿者也被要求在研究开始和结束时给自己的生活满意度打分。那些经常使用Facebook的人比不经常访问该网站的人更可能显示幸福程度下降。相比之下，在志愿者直接的社会交往量和他感受到的积极情绪之间存在正面联系。志愿者的性别对这些发现没有影响；其社交网络的大小、他所说的使用Facebook的动机、他孤独或抑郁的程度、他的自信程度也没有影响。克洛斯和范尔顿博士因此得出结论说，Facebook没有增强人的幸福感，反而损害了它。
他们的研究没有弄清在Facebook上开展社交和面对面进行社交为什么会产生不同效果。但是，由另一组社会科学家做的一项早期研究可能发现了根本原因。这些研究者调查了584位Facebook使用者，他们大多数人20来岁。研究者发现，使用Facebook引起的最常见的情绪是嫉妒。不断地把自己与其他同龄人相比可能使Facebook使用者产生了不少醋意，因为后者美化自己的照片，放大自己的成就，剽窃各种妙语箴言。
至于这是否仅适于解释使用Facebook的青年人的心态，这两项研究都没有证明。岁数大的人可能更成熟，因此不太可能妒忌朋友的成就，不管这种成就是伪造的还是真实的。