第二章 定语从句
第一节 原 理
一、理 解
定语从句就是在一个句子里充当定语的句子,一般必须放在所修饰的名词等成分之后,为后置定语的一种,本质上等同于一个“形容词”。
二、构 成
1 .了解定语从句的构成,首先应了解一些相关的基本概念:(1)被修饰的名词等成分通常叫做先行词;(2)连接先行词和定语从句的词为关系词。
2 .定语从句由关系代词、关系副词和关系限定词三类关系词连接而成。
三、关系词的具体用法
1 .关系代词which,who,whom,that和as
关系代词,顾名思义,必有代替对象。上述五个关系代词各有其具体指代对象,在从句中作相应的成分。此外,它们引导的定语从句和先行词是形容词与名词的修饰关系。
例句1:
Pumas are large,cat-like animals(that/which are found in A merica .)
[译文] 美洲狮是体形似猫的大型动物,产于美洲。
[注解] 关系代词作从句主语,不可省略。
例句2:
The house(that/which we built last year)is very attractive .
[译文] 我们去年建造的房子很讨人喜欢。
[注解] 关系代词作从句宾语,可省略。
例句3:
The novel(with which most of you are familiar)has been adapted for the screen .
[译文] 你们大多数人都很熟悉的那部小说已被改编搬上了荧屏。
[注解] 关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被that替换,也不可省略。
例句4:
He was no longer the reckless young man(that/which he was two years ago).
[译文] 他不再是两年前那个莽撞的小伙子了。
[注解] 关系代词作从句表语,可省略;此外,先行词the young man代表一种状态,属“物”的范畴,不能用who来引导定语从句。
例句5:
Migrant workers(to whom much more attention has been paid)strongly desire that their wages should be duly paid .
[译文] 现在民工受到了社会更大的关注,他们强烈渴望自己的工资能够及时发放。
[注解] 关系代词直接置于介词后作介词宾语,此时不可被who替换,也不可省略。
例句6:
Such accom modations(as they could find)were generally expensive .
[译文] 他们能够找到的这些住所费用往往比较昂贵。
[注解] 之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。
例句7:
Such inns(as there were in the mountains)were generally poor .
[译文] 这些山区里的酒馆条件往往比较糟糕。
[注解] 之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有such之故。
例句8:
This is the same mosquito(as bit you just now).
[译文] 这只蚊子和刚才咬你的那只是同一种蚊子。
[注解] 之所以选择关系代词as引导定语从句,是因为前面有the same之故。
小结:
(1)一般来讲,which和that用来替代指物的先行词,在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语(that不能作介词后面的宾语);who替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中作主语或宾语(但不能作介词后面的宾语);whom是who的宾格形式,替代指人的先行词,在定语从句中只能作宾语;as作为关系代词,只能用于一些特殊搭配(such...as/the same...as)。
(2)that既可指物也可指人,但在当代英语中,多指物。
(3)当关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语或表语时,经常可省略,但若which,whom紧跟在介词后则不可省略。
例如:
Is that the man(with whom you are going to set up a law firm)?
Is that the man(who/whom)(you are going to set up a law firm with)?
(4)只能用that的情形:
1)当先行词为all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,或先行词被all,any,every等不定代词修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。
例如:
①That’s all(thatI ask for).
[译文] 这就是我要的一切。
②Is there anything(thatI can do for you)?
[译文] 我可以为您效劳吗?
③Every team(that intends to participate in the contest)is to submit a fee of 2000 .
[译文] 每一个意欲参加比赛的队伍都应该缴纳2000元的费用。
2)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰,或被the only,the first,the last,the next,the very等修饰时,只能用that替代指物的先行词。
例如:
①He eats the finest food(thatis available).
[译文] 他吃的是所提供的最精美的食物。
②The first case of bird flu(that was reported in Thailand)captured the attention of officials with W H O .
[译文] 泰国报道的第一例禽流感引起了世界卫生组织官员们的注意。
③This is the very book(that I have been hunting for a long time).
[译文] 这就是我长期以来一直寻找的那本书。
3)当先行词既包括人,又包括物时。
例如:
①He is always talking brilliantly of the book and author(that in terested him).
[译文] 他对那本书及其作者很感兴趣,总是兴高采烈地谈论着他们。
②We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers(that we had visited there).
[译文] 我们访问的学校和老师给我们留下了深刻的印象。
(5)只能用which的情形:
1)用于介词之后(可参见1 .例句3)。
2)用于非限制性定语从句中(参见下文非限制性定语从句)。
2 .关系副词when,where,why和that
关系副词与关系代词的一大区别在于关系副词所替代的不仅仅是先行词,而是先行词加上适当的介词,并在定语从句中作状语。
例句1:
The day(on which/when she arrived)was windy and chilly .
[译文] 她到的那一天有风,天气很冷。
[注解] 此处的关系副词when=on which=on the day,在从句中作时间状语,表示ar-rived发生的时间。
例句2:
The office(in which/where he worked)has been re-decorated .
[译文] 他上班的办公室已经重新装修。
[注解] 此处的关系副词where=in which=in the office,在从句中作地点状语,表示worked发生的地点。
例句3:
The reason(for which/why she resigned)was not known .
[译文] 她辞职的原因无人知晓。
[注解] 此处的关系副词why=for which=for the reason,在从句中作原因状语,表示resigned发生的原因。
例句4:
Could you give us more details on the way(in which/that you handled the crisis)?
[译文] 您能否更详细地讲述一下你处理这起危机的方式?
[注解] 关系副词that=in which=in the way,在从句中作方式状语,表示handled发生的方式。
小结:
(1)关系副词when的先行词一般为时间名词,where的先行词一般为地点名词,而why的先行词一般只能是reason;此外,在名词way后表达方式不可用how但可以用in which,that或省略。
(2)在非正式用法中,that还可以作关系副词替代when和why。
例如:
The earthquake occurred on the day(when/that I was born).[译文] 地震发生在我出生的那一天。
Is that the reason(why/that he got thrown out of college)?
[译文] 这就是他被大学开除的原因吗?
3 .关系限定词whose和which
(1)whose意为“谁的”,替代的是先行词的所有格形式,因此它不能单独使用,后必须紧跟名词。
例如:
Visitors(whose visas are about to expire)are to have them renewed at an early date .
[译文] 那些签证即将到期的访问者应该尽早续签。
The child(whose parents died in the car crash)was left in the care of his grandparents .
[译文] 那个父母死于车祸的孩子由他的祖父母照看。
(2)which作为关系限定词,仅出现在非限制性定语从句中,意为“这/那个”,是一种指示代词的作用,因此它也不能单独使用,后面须紧跟名词。
例如:
He is old,(which fact is important).
[译文] 他老了,这个事实很重要。
He went to A merica in 1980,(by which time the “Cultural Revolution”has just en-ded).
[译文] 他1980年去了美国,那时“文化大革命”刚刚结束。
The traffic might be very busy now,(in which case we may be considerably delayed).
[译文] 现在的交通可能很繁忙,如此一来,我们可能会耽搁很久。
4 .如何选择使用关系词
在选择关系词时要注意以下几点:
(1)先行词替代的是人还是物;
(3)正式文体抑或非正式文体。
例句1:
The reason(which/that he gave to allthe attendants)was practically unacceptable .
[译文] 他对所有侍从人员所作的解释实际上是不可接受的。
[注解] 关系代词which/that,在从句中作宾语,可省略。
例句2:
The reason(why/for which piracy runs wild here)is apparent.
[译文] 这里盗版猖獗的原因是很明显的。
[注解] 关系副词why或for which,非正式语体中也可使用that,在从句中作原因状语。
例句3:
The bridge(where/on which the tragedy occurred)can allow at most 100 people to pass at the same time .
[译文] 发生悲剧的那座桥最多能够让100人同时穿行。
[注解] 关系副词where或on which,在从句中作地点状语。
例句4:
The bridge(which/that they proposed to be banned from passage on the Lantern’s Day last year)allowed visitors to pass this year .
[译文] 去年元宵节他们建议禁止人们通行的那座桥今年允许使用了。
[注解] 关系代词which或that,在从句中作宾语,也可省略。
第二节 定语从句的分类
一、限制性定语从句
1 .定 义
限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词本身意义不明确,被定语从句修饰后意义才确定。此时定语从句最好不要省去,否则先行词的意思会很模糊。
例如:
An elephant is an animal(that lives in warm countries).
[译文] 大象是一种生活在温暖国度里的动物。
Let’s go to a country(where the sun always shines).
[译文] 让我们去一个四季都阳光明媚的国家吧!
W here are the plums(that I putin the fridge)?
[译文] 我放在冰箱里的李子哪去了?
2 .限制性定语从句的重难点
(1)定语从句中介词的选择和位置
The speed(at which China’s economy has been growing in the past decade)is remarka-ble .(先行词的搭配需要)
[译文] 过去十年中国经济的增长速度惊人。
[注解] 此句中,关系代词which指代先行词speed,而后者常接介词at,形成较固定的搭配at the speed of。
例句2:
The novel Gone with the Wind(with which most of you are familiar)has been adapted for the screen .(从句中搭配需要)
[译文] 你们大多数都很熟悉的小说《飘》已被改编,搬上了荧屏。
[注解] 此句中,定语从句的主语是most of you,are是系动词,表语是familiar,鉴于familiar的搭配用法be familiar with,此处选用介词with。
例句3:
The person(with whom he is negotiating)is the chairman of a large company .(从句的意思需要)
[译文] 他正在谈判的对手是一家大公司的总裁。
[注解] 此句中,定语从句的主语是he,谓语是is negot iat ing,根据意思逻辑需要(“和… …谈判”),应选用介词with。
例句4:
The man(with whom he was talking)was a street vendor .
The man(who he was talking with)was a street vendor .
[译文] 和他交谈的那个人是个街头小贩。
[注解] 这两个句子的意思是完全一致的,第一个较常用,第二个是非正式用法,所以介词的位置并非是固定不变的。
小结:
一般来说,介词置于关系代词前是比较正式的,介词后置则多出现在非正式的文体中。但如果介词出现在动词短语下,则不管文体正式与否,介词都只能后置。
例如:
That is all(that I’ve had to put up with).
[译文] 这就是我一直以来必须忍受的。
[注解] put up with是一个相对固定的动词短语,所以介词with是其不可分割的一部分,不能和关系代词一并前置。
Is he the lawyer(that you were looking for)?
[译文] 他就是你在寻找的律师吗?
[注解] look for也是一个相对固定的动词短语,介词for一般不与动词分离。
Random spitting is one of the vices(that we must get rid of).
[译文] 随地吐痰是我们必须革除的一大恶习。
[注解] get rid of是一个相对固定的动词短语,介词of一般不与动词发生分离。
一般说来,定语从句应该直接置于先行词之后,但有时定语从句和先行词会因为句式结构平衡的需要被某些成分隔开,出现分裂的现象。
例如:
All is well(that ends well).
[译文] 结局好,一切就好。
He laughs best(who laughs last).
[译文] 笑到最后的人笑得最好。
A new teacher will come tomorrow(who will fill in for me for a week).
[译文] 明天会来一位新老师,他将代我上一周的课。
He took a closelook atthe photo on the table(that his wife took during a visitto Hawai i).
[译文] 他仔细看了看桌上的那张照片,这是他妻子去夏威夷时拍下的。
There arose a problem at the meeting(that no one knew how to deal with).
[译文] 会议上出现了一个问题,无人知道该如何处理。
There comes a time in every man’s life(when he has to think).
[译文] 必须独立思考是每个人生命中必经的阶段。
二、非限制性定语从句
1 .定 义
非限制性定语从句,顾名思义,就是对先行词“限制”性不强、彼此关系相对松散并且要用逗号分隔开的定语从句。换言之,它的先行词自身意义明确,从句对其仅起到补充说明或进一步解释的作用。
例如:
President Bush,(who took office three years ago),is now trying to win re-election .
[译文] 布什总统是三年前任职的,现在正为连任而努力。
M y mother,(who has retired now),finds that life is not as interesting as before .
[译文] 我母亲现已退休,发现生活不像以前那样有趣了。
2 .理 解
在意思逻辑上,非限制性定语从句相当于并列句,甚至状语从句,翻译方法也和限制性的定语从句不同。
例如:
He gave me the letter,which was in a blue envelope .
[译文] 他把信给了我。信是装在一个蓝色信封里的。
He handed me the letter,which I read im mediately .
[译文] 他把信递给我,我随即就读了。
I don’t like the boy,who is selfish .
[译文] 我不喜欢这个男孩,因为他太自私。
3 .用 法
在非限制性定语从句中,引导从句的关系词有:which,who/whom,whose,when,where和as等。
(1)关系代词指物时,只能用which引导(不能用that),并且其代替对象较多,既可以是名词,也可以是句子;此外它还可以作关系限定词替代this,that。
例如:
I’ve never been to Mount Tai,which is extremely famous in China .
[译文] 我从未去过泰山,尽管它在中国极负盛名。
An elephant and a mouse fell in love,which is most unusual.
[译文] 一头大象和一只老鼠相爱了,这是极其不寻常的事情。
He told me that he had never cheated on exams,which was untrue .
[译文] 他告诉我说他在考试时从未作过弊,但这并非事实。
He is old,which fact is important.(which是关系限定词,相当于“that”)
[译文] 他老了,这一事实很重要。
He went to A merica in 1980,by which time the “Cultural Revolution”had just ended .(关系限定词,相当于“that”)
[译文] 他1980年去了美国,那时“文化大革命”刚刚结束。
The traffic might be very busy now,in which case we may be considerably delayed .(关系限定词,相当于“that”)
[译文] 现在的交通可能很繁忙,如此一来,我们可能会耽搁很久。
此外,须注意:关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句时,前面可加修饰语。
例如:
He was carrying his belongings,(most of)which were broken .(主谓一致)
[译文] 他正在搬运他的行李,其中的大多数都破碎掉了。
There were a lot of people at the party,(many of)whom I had known for years .
[译文] 这次聚会人很多,其中许多人我都认识多年了。
(2)as作为关系代词不仅可用于限制性定语从句,还可用于非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中,其用法有三个特点:像which一样,as引导非限制性定语从句时,其代替对象较多,既可以是名词,也可以是句子;最值得注意的是,它所引导的非限制性定语从句位置很灵活,既可置于句尾,也可置于句首,还可置于句中;此外,它有“正如”的意思。
例如:
W e have launched another digital camera,asyou may have already seen from other sources .
[译文] 我们又推出了一款数码相机,或许你从别的途径已经见到了它。
He was late for school,as was usual with him .(句尾)
[译文] 他上课迟到了,这对于他是家常便饭。
As is known to all,Taiwan is an integral part of China .(句首)
[译文] 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
Asis often the case with a new idea,much preliminary activity and optimistic discus-sion produce no concrete proposals .
[译文] 对于新的思想而言,事实往往是:许多初步的行为和乐观的讨论不会产生任何具体的建议。
It was,as he later admitted,a stupid thing to do .(句中)
[译文] 正如他后来所承认的那样,这是一件愚蠢的事情。
判断下句是否为非限制性定语从句:
The universe,as we know it,might have began with a great explosion .
[译文] 正像我们所了解的那样,宇宙或许起源于一次大的爆炸。
[注解] 此处as引导的从句中,we作主语,it作宾语,所以as在此处不能再充当任何成分,因此它引导的是比较状语从句,而不是非限制性定语从句。
(3)其他关系词的使用和其在限制性定语从句的用法一致,此处不再赘述。
三、特殊性的定语从句
在定语从句中,有时会出现特殊的关系词but,它可以引导否定性的定语从句。
例句1:
There is no rule(but has exceptions).
[译文] 任何规则都有例外。 (不存在没有例外的规则。)
[注解] 此时的but=that/which...not...
例句2:
In China,there is nobody(but knows the Great Wall).
[译文] 在中国人人都知道长城。 (在中国,没有人不知道长城。)
例句3:
There was not a single person(but thought you were lucky).
[译文] 所有的人都认为你是幸运的。 (没有一个人不认为你是幸运的。)
例句4:
With offices becoming more and more mechanized,thereis no problem(but can befixed in a few hours).
[译文] 随着办公室机械化程度越来越高,任何问题都能在数小时之内得到解决。 (随着办公室机械化程度越来越高,没有任何问题不可以在数小时之内得到解决。)
例句5:
With the introduction of electric computer,there is no complicated problem(but can be solved in a few hours).
[译文] 随着电脑的引进,任何复杂的问题在数小时之内都能得到解决。 (随着电脑的引进,没有任何复杂的问题在数小时之内不能得到解决。)
例句6:
There neveris a tax law presented(but someone will oppose).
[译文] 现行的税法没有一条是没人反对的。
四、多重的定语从句
1 .并列定语从句
定语从句中的先行词通常只有一个定语从句修饰,但有时在长难句中会出现两个或更多的定语从句并列修饰,这就是并列定语从句。
例如:
The owner of the house .(whose wife is dead),(whose son works in New York)and (who wants to go and live with him),is willing to sell the house at reduced price .
[译文] 这幢房子主人的妻子已过世,儿子在纽约工作,他想搬去和儿子一起生活,所以愿意以低价出售此房。
Mr .S mith,(who is well versed in Latin and English)but (who doesn’t know Chinese),finds it difficult to study Chinese literature .
[译文] 史密斯先生精通拉丁语和英语,但对中文则一无所知,所以他发现研究中国文学很困难。
This is the house(in which the great Peking opera singerlived)and (which you visited 10 years ago)and(which becomes a museum).
[译文] 这就是那位著名京剧艺术家居住过的房子,10年前你参观过,现在成了博物馆。
2 .复合定语从句
复合定语从句,顾名思义,就是句式结构为复合句的定语从句,此时从句的构成通常是:在关系词后面加上“主语+发表观点的动词”。
例如:
M edical experts are now racing against time to find a cure for SARS{which(W H O fear)may spread to even more countries}.
[译文] 医疗专家正在争分夺秒地努力以找到SA RS的治疗方法,因为世界卫生组织担心SA RS可能会传播到更多的国家。
She had a book{which(she believed)was bought by her father at a dear price}.
[译文] 她有一本父亲送她的书,她相信是父亲花了大价钱专门买来送她的。
She has an adopted child{who(she says)was an orphan}.
[译文] 她有一个养子,据她所言,这个孩子以前是个孤儿。
3 .递进性定语从句
例如:
Can you mention anyone(that we know)(who is so talented as he)?
[译文] 在我们认识的人中,你说还有谁像他一样有才华?
She is the only girl(that I know)(who can play the guitar).
[译文] 她是我所认识的、唯一会弹吉他的女孩。
The only person(that I know)(who has a skeleton in the cupboard)is George,and he is very proud of the fact.
[译文] 我所认识的、唯一在柜中藏骷髅的人是乔治,并且他对此事还引以为荣。
Is there anything(else)(you’d like)(you don’t see on the shelves)?
[译文] 有没有别的你喜欢的东西,现在架子上还没有?