第二节 技巧指南
词汇考点分析
词汇题是对考生应掌握词汇的考查，测试考生对词汇的理解和运用。考生必须要做到准确理解大纲要求掌握的词汇与短语的基本含义与用法，对不同词性的词、同义词、近义词以及形近词有较强的辨异和辨析能力。
1.基本词义理解
基本词义理解主要考查对词汇基本含义的理解与运用。一般来说，四个选项在词形和词义上差别较大，考生只需要根据四个选项的基本含义，看哪项最符合句子语境，即可得出答案。
例 2014年A类初赛
The life expectancies of even the very old have increased significantly in recent years,but at the same time,this group faces the highest risk ofdisease requiring long-term care.
A.chronic
B.acute
C.major
D.fatal
【答案】A
【解析】句意：最近几年，即便很老的人的寿命也有了显著增长，但与此同时，该人群得慢性病的风险也最高，并且该种疾病通常需要长期的照料。chronic慢性的；长期的。acute急性的；（情况）严重的。fatal致命的；毁灭性的。
2.同义词、近义词
同义词、近义词指意思相近但又不完全等同的词。考生在做这类题时不能仅仅简单地根据四个选项的基本含义，还要仔细比较几个选项之间的细微差别，再结合具体的语境，选出正确答案。一般来说，同、近义词的比较主要集中在词的适用对象（场合）、范围大小、程度轻重、语法功能、感情色彩等几方面。
同义词或近义词辨析难度相对较大，占的比例也不低，为重点掌握题型。
（1）根据适用对象（场合）
例 2010年A类决赛
We should always bear in mind thatdecisions often result in serious consequences.
A.urgent
B.instant
C.prompt
D.hasty
【答案】D
四个选项均可以表示时间紧急：
urgent：指“即刻的，紧急重要的”，强调重要性，如an~appeal紧急呼吁；in~need亟待；an~matter当务之急。
instant：指“立即的，即刻的”，强调时间短暂性，如~coffee速溶咖啡；an~success一炮走红。
prompt：指“敏捷的，迅速的”，强调快速做出反应或采取行动，如~action立即行动。
hasty：指“匆忙的，草率的”，强调由于着急而考虑不周到，如a~departure匆匆忙忙离去。
（2）根据适用范围
例 2008年A类初赛
Although they usually did their own painting and papering,on this occasion they brought in afirm ofdecorators.
A.inside
B.inward
C.interior
D.internal
【答案】C
四个选项都可以表示“里面的”：
inside：指的是空间上存在或处于某物的内部，意思为“里面的”，与outside相对。
inward：指的是方向性的朝里，意思为“向内的，内心的”，与outward相对。
interior：指的是某事的内部，尤其指某物的内侧，强调事物的内部特征。interior decoration室内装潢。
internal：含义与interior比较相近，同样指事物的内部，但是不能表示某物的内侧。internal强调的是事物的本质、内涵，与external相对。
（3）根据语法、搭配
例 2010年A类初赛
Sometimes astudent may be asked to write about his to acertain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.
A.impression
B.comment
C.reaction
D.comprehension
【答案】C
本题中，reaction，impression，comment，comprehension都可以用来表示针对某篇文章做出的相关反应。reaction反应；体会。impression印象。comment注释，评论。comprehension理解。四个选项只有reaction与to连用。impression和comprehension与of连用，comment与on连用。
3.形近词
顾名思义，这类词指的是词形相似但意思不同或不完全相同的一组词，这类词由于拼写相似，极易引起混淆。这类题主要考查对单词词义记忆的熟练程度和准确程度。
例1 2013年A类决赛
Our landlord tried toall the cockroaches in our building,but they came back the next year.
A.remove
B.deport
C.expedite
D.eradicate
【答案】D
【解析】句意：我们的房东试着消灭楼房里所有的蟑螂，但是它们第二年又回来了。eradicate消灭；根除。remove移动，去除。deport把……驱逐出境；放逐。expedite加快；促进。
例2 2013年A类初赛
After years of neglect there was ahugeprogramme to return the city to its former glory.
A.refurbishment
B.restoration
C.conservation
D.preservation
【答案】B
【解析】句意：沉寂了数年之后，一个庞大的修复计划会使这个城市重现昔日的辉煌。restoration恢复；修复。refurbishment整修；翻新。conservation保存；保护。preservation保存，保留。
4.固定搭配
在大学生英语竞赛中，最常见的搭配就是词组的搭配。词组类试题约占词汇题的l／3左右。解答此类题目的关键在于熟练掌握常见词组及其含义，从语法、语意和逻辑性三方面考虑，最终做出选择。
在以往的试题中，动词短语的比重较大，而名词、形容词和介词短语比重相对较小。
（1）动词短语
常见动词短语归纳与总结
break～away突然离开，强行逃脱～out爆发；使逃走
～down损坏；（车）抛锚～through突围
～in闯入；插嘴～up粉碎，终止（关系）
～off（谈话、谈判等）中断
bring～about导致～forward提议
～down打倒；降低～out拿出；出版
～up提出；抚养，养育
call～for要求；邀约～on拜访；号召
～off取消～up打电话；召集
come～across偶遇～off发生；成功；脱落
～to达到；苏醒；涉及～on（口）快点；进展
～out出现；出版～up to比得上
～through历经……仍存活下来～up with想出，拿出
cut～down削减～in打断；超车拦挡
～off阻断～out删去
get～across讲清楚；被了解～along（with）进展；过活
～on with与……友好相处～out退出（组织）
～down写下～over康复；克服（困难）
～together开会
give～away泄露；赠送～in屈服，让步
～off释放（光、热）～up放弃；辞去
～way to闪开；让位于……
go～after追求～in for从事；喜好
～ahead继续；开始～over仔细查看
～down／up下降／上升～out（火等）熄灭；过时
hand～down把……传下去～in上交；交上
～out分发；散发～over移交
hold～back退缩；隐瞒；阻拦～on坚持
～out伸出；不屈服～up延误；耽搁；举起；支撑
keep～back隐瞒；阻止～to遵守；坚持
～up坚持；（使）不停止～up with跟上
let～alone更别提；不打扰～down让……失望
look～after照料～at看；看待
～back回顾，回忆～down on／upon轻视
～for寻找～forward to盼望
～in顺便访问～on旁观
～out留神；注意～over察看
～through浏览；仔细检查～up查（字典）；向上看；拜访
make～for向……走去～out理解；看出；列出
～up构成；编造；化妆～up for弥补
be made up of由……构成be made from由……做成
put～down镇压；放下～forward提出
～off推迟，拖延～on穿上；上演；假装
～out熄灭；公布～up张贴；投宿；建造
～up with忍受
run～away with不受……的约束～into遇到；共计
～out of用完，用光～over（车等）辗过
see～about办理～off给……送行
～to负责；修理～（to it）that务必做到
～through看穿；帮……度过
set～about开始，着手～apart分开
～aside储蓄；留出；不理会～back推迟
～down写下，记下～off启程
～out to do开始做……～up创立；开业
stand～by袖手旁观；支持～for代表；主张；容忍
～out与众不同；杰出～up for维护；保卫
～up to抵抗；经受得住
take～after与……相像～apart拆开
～back收回～down记下
～for把……看成～in领会；接受；（被动）欺骗
～off起飞；脱下～on呈现；承担
～out取出；去掉～over接管
～to开始喜欢；从事～up开始从事；占用
turn～against厌恶；与……敌对～in呈出；交
～down拒绝；调（音量等）～off关闭
～out出现；结果是……～over翻身；深思熟虑
～to翻到；请求（帮忙）～up开大；翻起；出现
例1 2013年A类初赛
Mariko believed everything she read on the Web,so she wasby the hoax the TV Station played on April Fool's Day.
A.taken out
B.taken in
C.taken off
D.taken on
【答案】B
【解析】句意：Mariko相信她在互联网上看到的一切，因此愚人节时她被电视台的恶作剧欺骗了。take in欺骗。take out取出；去掉。take off起飞；突然成功。take on承担；呈现。
例2 2013年A类决赛
Sylvie Forrest had alucky escape yesterday when she arrived at Liverpool Street Station3minutes late for her train after being in atraffic jam.
A.turned up
B.looked up
C.put up
D.held up
【答案】D
【解析】句意：Sylvie Forrest昨天因交通拥堵耽搁，到达利物浦街道车站时晚了三分钟而错过火车，从而也有幸躲过一劫。hold up耽搁；举起；支撑。turn up开大；翻起；出现。look up向上看；拜访（某人）；查找。put up举起；张贴；建造。
（2）名词、形容词以及介词短语
1）名词短语
名词短语主要是指名词与介词构成的特定短语。对名词短语的掌握主要是掌握介词与名词的固定搭配。
常见名词短语归纳与总结
★与from搭配构成名词短语的名词
absence缺席relief解脱difference与……不同
shelter躲避escape逃跑protection保护
isolation与……隔离
★与for搭配构成名词短语的名词
affection深爱ability有能力anxiety渴望
sympathy对……同情demand要求reason理由
excuse借口passion激情preference偏爱
cause原因
★与in搭配构成名词短语的名词
confidence信任delight高兴faith相信
pride自豪use用处difficulty困难
point要点；意义progress进步
★与of搭配构成名词短语的名词
intention意图equivalent相等物way方法
case情况honor荣誉observation观察
★与on搭配构成名词短语的名词
impact影响impression印象effect效果
dependence依靠emphasis强调influence影响
operation手术stress强调pity怜悯
revenge报复
★与to搭配构成名词短语的名词
reaction反应solution解决方法answer答复
attention注意addition额外access通道；接口
key钥匙；答案contrast对比invitation邀请
objection反对reference参考appeal呼吁
★与with搭配构成名词短语的名词
chat交谈connection联系
communication交往acquaintance相识
例 2008年A类初赛
After the robbery,the shop installed asophisticated alarm system as an insurance further losses.
A.towards
B.for
C.from
D.against
【答案】D
【解析】insurance后面接against further losses表示以免遭受损失。句意：遭受抢劫后，这家店安装了精密的报警系统来确保以后免遭损失。
2）形容词短语
形容词短语主要是指形容词与介词构成的固定短语。
常见形容词短语总结与归纳
absent from（不在，缺席）
abundant in（富于）
appropriate for/to（适当，合适）
applicable to（适用于）
apt at（聪明，善于）
apt to（易于）
ashamed of（羞愧，害臊）
approximate to（接近）
available to sb.for sth.（可用，可供）
content with（满足）
contrary to（违反）
counter to（与……相反）
crazy about（热衷，着迷）
critical of（挑剔，批评）
curious about（好奇，想知道）
doubtful of/about（怀疑）
equal to（相等，胜任）
equivalent to（等于，相当于）
essential to/for（必不可少）
expert at/in/on（善于）
fatal to（致命的）
guilty of（有……罪的）
hungry for（渴望）
ignorant of（不知道）
indifferent to（不关心）
inferior to（级别低于，不如）
liable for（对……有责任）
liable to（易于）
particular about（挑剔，讲究）
parallel to（与……平等，类似）
prior to（在……之前）
responsible for（负责，是……原因）
short of（缺少）
skilled at/in（善于）
subject to（受制于，易于）
superior to（优于，级别高于）
suspicious of（怀疑）
typical of（是典型的，特有的）
void of（没有，缺乏）
例1 2009年A类初赛
I want the light fittings to bethe ceiling.
A.flat on
B.flush with
C.parallel to
D.level in
【答案】B
【解析】句意：我希望灯具和天花板齐平。flush with齐平的，同高的。flat指平坦的，扁平的。parallel平行的。level也可以表达“同高度的；同水平的；相齐的”，但是应与with连用。
例2 2010年A类初赛
Topics for composition should beto the experiences and interests of the students.
A.concerned
B.dependent
C.suitable
D.relevant
【答案】D
【解析】句意：作文的题目应与学生的经验及兴趣相关。relevant有关的，相应的。be relevant to与……有关。concerned关心的，有关的。be concerned about与……有关。dependent依赖的，由……决定的。suitable适当的，相配的。be suitable to适合……
3）介词短语
介词与介词宾语一起所构成的短语称之为介词短语。
常见介词短语语总结与归纳
in any case无论如何，总之
in case of假使，万一
in case假如，以防万一，免得
in no case决不
by chance偶然，碰巧
in charge（of）负责，主管
（a）round the clock昼夜不停地
in common共用，共有，共同
in conclusion最后，总之
on condition that在……条件下
in confidence信任
in connection with/to关于
in consequence因此，结果
in consequence of由于……的缘故
on the contrary反之，正相反
in contrast with/to与……成对照
out of control失去控制
under control被控制住
at all costs不惜任何代价
at the cost of以……为代价
at no time从不，绝不
at one time同时，曾经，从前
at the same time同时，然而
at times有时
for the time being目前，暂时
from time to time有时，不时
in no time立即，马上
in time及时，适时地
on time准时
on top of在……之上
out of touch失去联系
in truth事实上，实际上，的确
on try试穿
by turns轮流，交替地
in turn依次，轮流
in vain徒劳，无效
a variety of种种，各种
by virtue of由于
by the way顺便提一下，另外
by way of经由，通过……方式
in away在某种程度上
in no way绝不
in the way of妨碍
on the whole总的来说
in aword总而言之
in other words换句话说，也就是说
in the world到底，究竟
at length终于，最后；详细地
in the light of按照，根据
in line with与……一致，按照
at aloss困惑，不知所措
as amatter of fact其实，事实上
例1 2011年A类初赛
The tenant must be prepared to decorate the villathe terms of the contract.
A.in the vicinity of
B.in quest of
C.in accordance with
D.in collaboration with
【答案】C
【解析】句意：承租人必须依照合同的条款准备装修别墅。in accordance with依照。in the vicinity of在附近。in quest of寻求，为了追求。in collaboration with与……合作。
例2 2013年A类决赛
It took the jury just ten minutes to find the58-year-old balding civil servant not guilty of murder,but guilty of manslaughterdiminished responsibility.
A.on the grounds of
B.with regard to
C.in respect of
D.in opposition to
【答案】A
【解析】句意：陪审团只用了十分钟就裁定这位58岁的谢顶公务员基于精神失常过失杀人，而非蓄意谋杀。on the grounds of以……为理由，根据。with regard to关于；就。in respect of关于。in opposition to反对。diminished responsibility（由于精神失常）减轻的刑事责任。
语法考点分析
1.时态
时态（Tense）是一种动词形式，表示不同的时间发生的动作。时态分为16种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。重点掌握：一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时以及过去完成时。
例 2012年A类初赛
about the bandits,she left her valuables at home.
A.Having warned
B.Warning
C.Having been warned
D.To warn
【答案】C
【解析】句意：别人警告过她要小心海盗，她就把值钱的东西留在了家里。句子的独立主格结构中，动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前，所以应采用完成时；又因为她是被别人警告，所以从句还需是被动式。因此答案是C项。
疑难点拨
1）以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时或完成进行时。
①表示感知的动词：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell。
②表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate。
③表示思考、看法的动词：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose。
④表示所有、占有的动词：belong to,owe,own,possess,hold（容纳）。
⑤其他动词：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。
2）不用will/shall表达将来时的形式。
①be going to表示现在的打算和意图。
如：
It is raining now.I am going to take an umbrella with me.
带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。
②arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,set off,start,take off等表示移位的动词的进行时表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作。
如：
I'm leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.我明天要动身去上海。
③be to（do）表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事。
如：
The old hospital is to be pulled down.这座医院将要拆迁。
例 2011年A类初赛
The project,by the end of2012,will expand the city's digital television signal to be accessible to amillion users.
A.completed
B.being completed
C.to be completed
D.having been completed
【答案】C
【解析】句意：这项预计2012年完成的计划，会将全市的数字电视信号覆盖到一百万个用户。出现“by the end of2012”，是将来时，因此选C项，不定式作定语。A项completed，这里指还没完成，故排除，B、D项时态不符合。
④be about to（do）表示将要（做）。
如：
Look,the train is about to leave!看，火车就要开了！
⑤be on the point/verge of（doing）表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
如：
They are on the point of starting.他们就要动身了。
⑥be,begin,come,depart,get off,go,leave,return,start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件。
如：
The bus leaves within five minutes.公共汽车将在5分钟内离开。
⑦在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型。
如：
I don't know where he will go tomorrow.我不知道他明天会去哪儿。（宾语从句）
I'll tell him when you will ring again.我会告诉他你什么时候再来电话。（宾语从句）
比较：I'll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我会告诉他。（状语从句）
⑧在make sure,make certain,see（to it）后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。
如：
Make sure that the door is locked before you leave the classroom.
走之前确保把门关好。
3）完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语。
①by/between/up to/till+过去时间、since、by the time/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。
如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between1897and1919at least29motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.（表示1919年时已发生的情况）
②by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。
如：
By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
③by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few（或具体数字）years/days/months，主句用现在完成时，但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如：
He has been named the greatest character created for television and films in the past20years.
他被提名为过去20年间电视和电影中创作的最佳角色。
④在It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+that引导的从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。
如：
It isn't the first time that Ihave found myself in an embarrassing situation.
⑤在no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when/before...句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
如：
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
我一到家天就下起雨来。
No sooner had Ibought the computer than Iregretted spending so much money on it.
我刚买完电脑就后悔了，后悔自己在电脑上花了这么多钱。（no sooner位于句首需要使用倒装句。）
⑥其他与完成时连用的时间状语有：all this while,all this year,for some time,so far,already,before,just,long,yet等。
如：
I have been teaching in college all this year.
I haven't finished my paper yet.
2.复合结构
英语中从句包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。历年考试中复合结构的考查约占20%，而其中对状语从句的考查为重中之重。
（1）名词性从句
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
疑难点拨
名词性从句可以由下列连词、连接代词和连接副词引导：
that无意义，在从句内部不充当句子成分。引导宾语从句时that可以省略。
whether是否，在从句内部不充当句子成分。引导宾语从句时可以用if替代。
连接代词：which（哪一个），what（……的东西），whatever（无论……的东西），who（谁），whoever（无论谁）在从句内部作从句的主语或宾语。
连接副词：when（何时），where（哪里），how（怎样/如何），why（为什么）在从句内部作从句的状语。
1）主语从句
如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句。
①常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。
如：
That he finished writing the composition in such ashort time surprised us all.
Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.
Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.
例1 2007年A类初赛
with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted with important matters.
A.No matter who is careless
B.Whoever is careless
C.He is careless
D.As is careless
【答案】B
【解析】句意：任何在小事上粗心大意的人都不会被委以重任。谓语cannot be trusted with前面缺少主语，No matter who只能引导让步状语从句，Whoever不仅可引导让步状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句，因而B选项正确。
例2 2007年A类初赛
What is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on achild's character is learned through experience.
A.as
B.as what
C.that
D.like what
【答案】B
【解析】句意：书上所学到的东西对孩子们性格的影响不如从实践中学到的东西对孩子们性格的影响深。not...as表示“不像……一样”，as后面要接what引导的主语从句，与前面what引导的主语从句并列，所以B选项正确。
例3 2009年A类样题
Well,reallynow is start learning what to do with this software and read alot of tutorials,learn and practice as much as you can.
A.what you should do
B.that you need do
C.how you should start
D.as should you do
【答案】A
【解析】句意：你现在应该做的是开始学习怎样使用此软件，并大量阅读操作指南，尽可能多学多练。句中缺少的是主语，后面陈述的是具体要做的内容，所以选项A正确。tutorial指南。
②为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语置于句末。
如：
It is certain that he will win the match.
It is still amystery what caused the accident.
2）表语从句
表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。
★表语从句一定要用陈述语序。如：
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
★不可以用if，而用whether连接表语从句（as if例外）。如：
The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
It looked as if he had understood this question.
例 2011年A类初赛
In the meantime,the question raised by our financial problems is such research is worth the cost.
A.whether B.thatC.howD.because
【答案】A
【解析】句意：同时，我们财政方面提出的问题是这种研究是否值得。whether作“是否”讲，引导表语从句。
★不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
The question is why he cried yesterday.
★that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
3）宾语从句
宾语从句，即在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素：连接词、语序和时态。
★主、从句时态一致
主句谓语过去时，从句相应过去时。
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需。
He says（that）he will leave amessage on my desk.
They know（that）he is working hard.
具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时。
He told me that he was born in1980.
Father told me that practice makes perfect.
★否定前移及反义疑问句
在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称。）
如：
I don't think you are right.
I don't believe they have finished their work yet.
反义疑问句即附加疑问句，由两部分组成，陈述句+简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。一般来说，当陈述部分为肯定式时，疑问部分使用否定式；当陈述部分为否定式时，疑问部分使用肯定式。但是当think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词中使用否定前移时，反义疑问句应与从句主、谓保持一致。
如：
I don't think you are right,are you?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they?
例1 2010年A类初赛
When you have finished with that video tape,don't forget to put it in my drawer,?
A.do you
B.will you
C.don't you
D.won't you
【答案】B
【解析】句意：你看完了那卷录像带之后，别忘了把它放到我的抽屉里，好吗？省去主语的祈使句的反义疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
例2 2014年A类样题
Nobody made it to the court house and supported you in the trail,?
A.did he
B.didn't he
C.did they
D.didn't they
【答案】C
【解析】句意：没有人去法院支持你的官司，是吗？在反义疑问句中，当陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,someone,nobody,no one,somebody等表示人的复合代词时，附加疑问句中的主语用he或者they，前面是否定的，则后面应该是肯定的，在口语中常用they，故答案为C项。
★宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略：
a.当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。
如：
I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better.
b.当it作形式宾语时
如：
She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.
c.当宾语从句前置时
如：
That our team will win,I believe.
4）同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether，连接副词how，when，where等。（注：if，which不能引导同位语从句。）
如：
I heard the news that our team had won.
我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here.
我不知道你在这里。
I have no idea when he will be back.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
例 2008年A类样题
Classical logic is characterized by aconcern for the structure and elements of argumentthat thought,language,and reality are interrelated.
A.based on the beliefB.on the belief based
C.belief based on theD.the based belief on
【答案】A
【解析】句意：经典逻辑以关注论点的结构和组成为特点，论点则基于思想、语言和现实相互联系的信仰。based on the belief that...用来修饰argument，且belief后面接that引导同位语从句。故选项A正确。
同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
★同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。
如：
The news that Ihave passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
★关系词在句中是否作成分。
如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成分。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
★从句是否有疑问的意义。
如：
Do you remember the day when Itold you that Iloved you?（when引导的从句不表示疑问，所以这是一个定语从句。）
I have asked the question why it was true just now.（why引导的从句表示疑问，所以这是一个同位语从句。）
（2）定语从句
在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
定语从句的测试重点：选择正确的关系代词或关系副词。关系代词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分，即主语、宾语、表语或定语。指人时用who（作主语）、whom（作宾语）、whose（作定语）；指物时用which或that；指时间用when；指地点用where；指原因用why。
例1 2007年A类初赛
That week's talent included aspectacular dance team from Argentina,a popular rock group,a top vocalist and amagician.
A.which made everything in sight disappear
B.that was making all at sight disappear
C.who made all at sight to disappear
D.who made everything in sight disappear
【答案】D
【解析】句意：那个星期来参加演出的演员包括著名的阿根廷舞蹈队、流行摇滚乐队、优秀歌手以及可以让人们眼前的一切物体消失的魔术大师。magician魔术师，作先行词引导定语从句，连接词要用who。
例2 2014年A类样题
Money and effort could be better spent on things like education and clearing up the area leading to Everest base camp,tens of thousands of tourists come through each year,opposed to the dozens who climb Everest.
A.where;though
B.which;
C.where;as
D.which;and
【答案】C
【解析】句意：金钱和精力可以更好地花在诸如教育和清理通往珠穆朗玛峰探险营地道路等事情上,那里每年有成千上万的游客来来往往，与之相反，爬珠穆朗玛峰的只有十几人。定语从句先行词为Everest base camp表示的是地点，故用引导词where，as在此处作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。as opposed to与……截然相反，对照。
疑难点拨
1）尤其要注意whose的用法。
whose在从句中作定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中作主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。
如：
That's the businessman whose company is bankrupt and who owes the bank agreat deal of money.
他就是那个公司破产欠了银行很多钱的商人。
2）介词+which的用法。
如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中作状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配做出正确选择。
例1 2011年A类初赛
Richard came home at midnight,which time all the guests had left.
A.after
B.by
C.to
D.during
【答案】B
【解析】句意：理查德午夜回家时，所有的客人已经离开了。by which time定语从句，“到那时”。at midnight是一个时间点，during“在……期间”不符合题意。
3）非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志，按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子。
与汉语不同的是，英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开，而要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。据此可判断出逗号后面一句应由起连接作用的词开头。注意：有时关系代词前面还有其他附加成分。
如：
There are two spare rooms in the building,neither of which has been provided with modern facilities.
An old friend of mine from Beijing,whom Iwas expecting to meet,rang me up from the bus station yesterday evening.
4）as与which用作关系代词的区别：
★as与the same,such,so,as等关联使用。
如：
I want the same shirt as my friend's.
我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
★as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。
如：
As is true in all institutions,juries are capable of making mistakes.
As is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
5）关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别：
★如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，用that,which都可以，而且可以省略。
如：
This is the book（that/which）you want.
★先行词是不定代词anything,nothing,little,all,everything时，关系代词用that。
如：
There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.
没有什么能阻止他干那件事。
例1 2008年A类决赛
There are no trips that will make it possible for the tourists to stop everywhere and see they want.
A.all what
B.everything that
C.everything what
D.all which
【答案】B
【解析】当定语从句的先行词为不定代词everything，anything，all等时，引导词只能用that，不能用which。
★先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last,only,very修饰时，用that。
如：
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
I saw acomic film,which was very amusing,last Saturday.In fact,it was the best film that I've ever seen.
上星期六我看的一部喜剧电影实际上是我看过的最好的电影。
★非限定性定语从句只能用which引导。
如：
He had failed in the math exam,which made his father very angry.
他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
例 2008年A类决赛
Ginger,pepper,cinnamon and some other aromatic flavours might be used for seasoning meat and fish,was particularly important when there were no refrigerators.
A.that
B.what
C.there
D.which
【答案】D
【解析】句意：生姜、胡椒、桂皮和其他芬芳的香料可能被用于烹饪肉类、鱼类时的调料。若没有电冰箱，这些调料显得尤其重要。横线前有逗号，即为非限定性定语从句，只能用which不能用that。
★关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。
如：
This is the room in which my father lived last year.
这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which aprice change will affect supply and demand.
能够预测到价格变化对供求的影响程度是有用的。
His mother who hated city life longed to return to the village in which she grew up.
他的母亲不喜欢城市生活，渴望回到那个哺育她长大的乡村。
6）but作关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who...not,that...not。
这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。
如：
There are few teachers but know how to use acomputer.
There is no complicated problem but can be solved by acomputer.
（3）状语从句
在主从句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。常见的状语从句有时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果状语从句。
1）条件状语从句的常考知识点：
★if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，unless表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。
如：
Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels,the cars won't catch on in abig way unless drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
In debating,one must correct the opponent's facts,deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that what he presents as proof,if relevant,is sufficient.
★复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided（that），providing（that），given that,suppose/supposing（that），assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。
如：
If left alone by humans,they（the forests）can regenerate,as long as there are seed trees in the neighborhood and the soil has not lost all its nutrients.
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don't mind taking the night train.
Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times,he is sure to pass the test.
In the event that she has not been informed,I will tell her.（如果……）
例 2013年A类决赛
According to the survey done among the local residents,enough money,the state television could become much more popular.
A.given
B.giving
C.to give
D.been given
【答案】A
【解析】句意：根据在当地居民中的调查，如果资金充裕，国家电视台会变得更加受欢迎。句中given作连词，意为“倘若，假定”，表示假设。
★祈使句表示条件。
如：
Talk to anyone in the drug industry,and you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
Dress warmly,or else you'll catch cold.
2）让步状语从句的常考知识点：
★as引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。
如：
Much as he likes her,he does get irritated with her sometimes.
Tired as he was,we decided to disturb him.
例 2007年A类初赛
she disliked the idea of marriage,she knew that political reasons might make it necessary.
A.Much as
B.As much
C.Much though
D.Though much
【答案】A
【解析】句意：虽然她不想结婚，但她也明白出于政治目的她还是要结婚。much as为固定搭配，表示“虽然”，因此本题选择A。
★while引导让步从句。
如：
While it's true that we all need acareer,preferably aprofitable one,it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.
★复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted（that）引导让步从句。
如：
Granted you have made much progress,you should not be conceited.
For all that computers can provide us with great help,they shouldn't be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
★even if引导让步从句。
如：
Even if your computer has avirus protection programme,you might still fall victim to e-mail scams or other malicious softwares.
即使你的计算机装有防病毒程序，你仍有可能成为邮件诈骗和其他恶意软件的受害者。
3）时间状语从句的常考知识点：
★before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。
如：
Electronics must be programmed before they can work.
必须为计算机编好程序它才能工作。
They have taken measures to solve the city's pollution problem,but it may be some time before the situation improves.
他们已采取措施解决城市污染问题，但要使情况好转，还需要一段时间。
★when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。
如：
He was almost hurt when the bus came to asudden stop.
I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when Iheard the voices.
★when it comes to是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。
如：
Doing your homework is asure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.
★名词短语、介词短语each/every time,the moment/second/minute,in the time,by the time起连词作用。
如：
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
If individuals are awakened each time they begin adream phase of sleep,they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.
★副词directly,immediately,instantly,now引导时间从句，相当于as soon as。
如：
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.
4）原因状语从句的常考知识点：
★in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。
如：
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
★now that表示“既然”；seeing that,considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。
如：
Now that we have all the material ready,we should begin the new task at once.
He did poorly in the examinations,considering how hard he had tried for them.
例1 2009年A类初赛
we have the official list of participants，we can make the final arrangements accordingly.
A.Until
B.Even though
C.Now that
D.Unless
【答案】C
【解析】句意：既然我们现在有官方的参赛者名单了，我们就可以相应地做出最终的安排了。now that既然，由于。until直到。even though尽管。unless除非。
例2 2009年A类样题
they have got rid of the nuisance,they just seem to want to be left alone to get on with things in their own way.
A.Now that
B.Soon
C.Only then
D.Hardly when
【答案】A
【解析】句意：既然他们已经摆脱了麻烦，他们似乎就想继续以自己的方式处理事情。now that既然。两个分句明显是因果关系，所以选项A正确。
★其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有：for the（simple）reason that,by reason that,on the grounds that,in as much as,in so far as等。
如：
I refuse to answer that question on the grounds that Idon't know the answer.
5）while,whereas引导对比从句。
如：
While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade,violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.
A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult,whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.
6）so...that...,with the result that,so much so that,so as to引导结果状语从句。
如：
Conversation becomes weaker in asociety that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.
He himself believed in freedom,so much so that he would rather die than live without it.
例 2009年A类样题
Wars require that some of our young people should be killed or crippled,and that some families should grieve,but these“casualties”are so widely distributed among our population as hardly__________.
A.are noticed
B.being noticed
C.to be noticed
D.to notice
【答案】C
【解析】句意：战争需要一些年轻人死亡或残废，需要一些家庭悲痛，但这样的“伤亡人员”在人口里如此广泛地分布，以至于他们很少被人注意到。“伤亡人员”被注意到，notice应使用被动形式，排除D项。so+adj./adv.+as to do sth.如此……以至于……，所以C项正确。
7）in order that,in case,for fear that,lest（用虚拟语气）,so that引导目的状语从句。
如：
Give me your telephone number,in case Ineed your help.
Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.
例 2009年A类样题
Take your driving licence with you__________you get stopped by the police.
A.if
B.in case
C.provided that
D.in that case
【答案】B
【解析】句意：带上你的驾驶证以防被警察拦截。in case以防万一。provided that假如。in that case在那种情况下。
8）where作为连接副词的一种用法,翻译为“在……地方”。
如：
In Japan,a person's capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty.Where there is willingness and intelligence,there is aplace within the company to try and to succeed.
Where the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator,the trade wind causes aflow of water to the west.
3.倒装句
倒装有两种：完全倒装与部分倒装。英语句子采用倒装语序主要基于以下三方面的考虑：为了强调、使句子结构匀称、语法的要求。
疑难点拨
1）only修饰的状语（副词、介词短语或状语从句）位于句首时。
如：
Only after three operations was he able to walk without sticks.
做过三次手术之后，他才能不用拐杖行走。
Only with more practice can you pass the driving test.
只有多练习，你才能通过驾驶考试。
但only修饰主语时，则不倒装。
如：
Only that girl knew how to work out the problem.
只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。
2）含有否定意义的副词（never,seldom,little,few,not,nowhere等）位于句首时。
如：
Seldom in all my life have Imet such abrave man.
我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人。
Never did she care about her own safety,though she was in great danger herself.
虽然她处于极大的危险之中，但她根本不顾自己的安全。
例1 2007年A类初赛
I spent all the winter break with my friends.Not asingle day__________a few hours to myself.
A.I had
B.did Ihave
C.had I
D.I was having
【答案】B
【解析】not asingle day放在句首时句子要用部分倒装，即把助动词提前，动词had是实义动词have的过去时，其助动词要用did，因此本题答案选择B项。
例2 2008年A类样题
__________so many people been out of work as today.
A.More than ever before
B.Never before have
C.In the past,there never have
D.Formerly,there never were
【答案】B
【解析】句意：从来没有像今天一样有那么多人失业。Never放在句首要倒装，never before表示“以前从未有过”。还原成正常语序是There have never before been so many people out of work as today.
例3 2011年A类初赛
The staff have been informed that under no circumstances__________the telephone in the office for personal calls.
A.may they use
B.they use
C.they could use
D.did they use
【答案】A
【解析】句意：员工被告知，任何情况下他们都不能因私人事宜在办公室打电话。否定短语under no circumstances位于宾语从句句首，句子需要用倒装结构，由此可以排除B和C；D项时态不对。
3）not until位于句首时。
如：
Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.
直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。
在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不用倒装。
如：
Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking.
他直到失去健康才会戒酒。
Not until Igot home,did Inotice that Ihad the wrong umbrella.
直到回到家，我才发现我拿错了伞。
4）在no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely/barely...when...结构中，前面部分位于句首时，其后的分句要部分倒装（谓语用过去完成时）。
如：
Hardly had the baby seen the dog when she cried.
那女婴一看到狗就哭了起来。
No sooner had the interpreter returned home than he was told to go to another country.
那位翻译刚踏进国门就又受命要去他国。
5）not only...（but also）...位于句首引导两个分句时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。
如：
Not only does he teach in school,but he writes novels.
他不但在学校教书，而且还写小说。
Not only did she speak correctly,but also she spoke fluently.
她不但说得正确，而且说得流利。
例 2013年A类初赛
__________,but seats are proffered,doors smilingly held open for pram-pushing mothers and tables miraculously appear in crowded restaurants.
A.Not only are they not shunned
B.They are not only shunned
C.Though they are not shunned
D.Despite they not being shunned
【答案】A
【解析】句意：推婴儿车的母亲不仅不被排斥，而且还被提供座位，门似乎也为她们敞开着。另外，在拥挤的餐馆里奇迹般地出现了桌子。not only...but also...意为“不仅……而且……”，not only置于句首时要引起句子部分倒装。
6）so/neither/nor开头的句子，说明前面的内容也适用于后者时，用倒装句“so/neither/nor+be/have/助动词／情态动词＋主语”。
如：
If you can do it,so can I.
你若能做，我也能做。
If you don't go,neither shall I.
你不去，我也不去。
例1 2008年A类决赛
Your correspondence and relations with Walter are known to me;__________connected with the disappearance of Mr.Barlow.
A.so are the circumstances
B.as well as the circumstances
C.the circumstances are as well
D.as well are the circumstances
【答案】A
【解析】由横线前的分号可知后半句应为一个完整的句子。so+谓语+主语，表示……也一样；as well没有这种用法；as well as直接加名词，表示和……。
例2 2009年A类样题
The adjective competitive occurs very frequently in inquiries and letters replying to them,__________the verb to compete.
A.so is
B.as does
C.neither does
D.like that of
【答案】B
【解析】前一句使用动词occur且为第三人称单数，所以后一句重复要用does。
7）as/though引导让步状语从句时，可将谓语部分的形容词／名词／动词等提到句首，采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。若提前的是动词原形（多为不及物动词），与之连用的通常是may,might,will,would等，且这些词都要保留在原来的位置上（主语后）。
如：
Brave as they were,the danger made them afraid.
尽管他们很勇敢，但这样的危险仍使他们感到畏惧。
Try as he would,he couldn't open the door.
他试过多次了，却仍打不开那门。
Boy as he was,he behaved like agirl.
他虽是个男孩，但举止却像个女孩。
例 2010年A类决赛
__________,he always tries his best to complete it on time.
A.However the task is hard
B.However hard the task is
C.Though hard the task is
D.Though hard is the task
【答案】B
【解析】句意：不管任务多么艰巨，他总是尽全力按时完成。however后接形容词表示“不管多么……”。though与形容词连接表示转折关系时，形容词应置于though前面，因此，hard though the task is的表述才正确。
8）在so/such...that...结构中，so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
如：
So beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
那女孩那么漂亮，她在选美比赛中获得冠军。
Such an instructive speech did he make that all the listeners were moved.
他发表的演说那么有教育意义，以至于所有的听众都很感动。
9）在含有were/had/should虚拟条件句中，省去if，把这三个词放在句首。
如：
Were she here now（=If she were here now）__________,she would take good care of her parents.
如果她现在在这儿，她就能好好照顾她的父母了。
Had you attended the graduate ceremony（=If you had attended the graduate ceremony）__________,I should have seen you.
要是你参加了毕业典礼，我就会见到你了。
例 2013年A类样题
__________stop using cars,the world's oil supplies would last much longer.
A.Did we all
B.Had we all
C.Were we all to
D.Should we all
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果我们都能不用汽车，那么地球上的石油供应才能持续更久点。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首。
10）在某些表示祝愿的句子中。
如：
May you be happy!祝你幸福！
Long live the king!国王万岁！
4.非谓语结构
非谓语动词就是在句中不作谓语的动词。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词），没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词虽然不能作谓语，但还保留动词的特点，既可以接宾语或表语，也可以被状语修饰。
疑难点拨
1）省略to的不定式。
①在下列词组中，要用省略to的不定式：would rather do,would rather do...than do,had better/best do,prefer to do...rather than do,nothing but/except/than do（别无它法只有……），cannot help but（不得不）。
如：
Kids would rather play than study.
孩子们宁愿玩也不愿意学习。
He could do nothing but wait for the news.
它除了等消息之外，别无他法。
例 2007年A类决赛
Many people prefer to have their tax forms completed by aprofessional rather than__________it themselves.
A.doing
B.do
C.to do
D.did
【答案】B
【解析】句意：许多人喜欢由专业人士来完成他们的税收申报表格，而不是由他们自己亲自完成。prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事，在此句型中rather than后面要用动词原形，所以B选项正确。
②在make,let,have,notice,watch,see,observe,hear,feel等动词后的复合宾语中，不定式不带to。但在被动语态中，省略的to必须加上。
如：
That the mother lost her son made her fall ill.
失去了儿子使这位母亲病倒了。
I felt the floor move at the time of the earthquake.
地震的时候我感觉到地板动了。
Our teacher had us hand in our exercise books after class.
老师让我们下课以后交练习本。
③不定式的复合结构“for+名词/代词+不定式”表示的不定式这一动作并不是句子主语做的，其逻辑主语是for后的名词或代词，在句中作主语、表语、状语、定语、宾语。
如：
He opened the door for her to come in.
他打开了门，她进来了。
They voted for Wang Gang to be the monitor.
他们选举王刚为班长。
2）分词独立主格结构
分词作状语时，一般修饰句子的谓语，分词动作的执行者一般是句子的主语；但有时分词带有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立主格结构。逻辑主语由名词或代词充当，放在分词前，和分词一起在句中作状语。这一结构可以表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状态等。
如：
So many people（being）absent,we decided to put off the meeting.
如此多的学生缺席，我们决定推迟这次会议。
Summer vocation having come,the students went home.
放暑假了，学生都回家了。
Weather permitting,we'll go to the Great Wall tomorrow.
天气允许的话，我们明天会去长城。
Following the old man,the young people started walking slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
例1 2007年A类初赛
So,__________,there remains afundamental question：at what precise time does life begin?
A.everything been consideredB.all being considered
C.all to be consideredD.all things considered
【答案】D
【解析】句意：因此，所有的事情都被考虑到了，但仍然有一个基本的问题（没有考虑到），那就是生命的起源发生在什么时候？本题考查的是过去分词在句中作独立结构的用法。
例2 2009年A类样题
__________,and members of the congregation having returned,this church too will start out with renewed effort in the work that lies before it,which will be taken up by the different departments.
A.The summer vacation is over
B.The summer vacation being over
C.As the summer vacation over
D.Had the summer vacation been over
【答案】B
【解析】句子的主语是this church，前面两句并列，修饰整个句子的时间状语，所以用being代替is。选项C少动词，选项D不应使用倒装形式。
例3 2010年A类初赛
__________no cause for alarm,the old man went back to his bedroom.
A.There was
B.Due to
C.As to
D.There being
【答案】D
【解析】句意：由于没有恐慌，那位老人又回到卧室去了。there being为独立主格结构，通常表示“已经存在的事情”。本句中的主句完整，因此there was排除。due to由于。as to至于，关于。
3）现在分词和动名词的辨析
①现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，如：
a sleeping child睡着了的孩子（=a child is sleeping。child是sleep的主语,sleep是child发出的动作。）
动名词作定语表示被修饰的“目的，用途”等，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系。如：
a sleeping bag睡袋（用途，=a bag for sleeping）
②现在分词作表语时说明动作是由主语完成的；动名词作表语是说明主语的性质或情况。现在分词具有形容词的句法功能，动名词具有名词的句法功能。
如：
My job is teaching the students English.（动名词）
我的工作是教学生英语。
My job is interesting.（现在分词）
我的工作很有趣。
例1 2008年A类初赛
More and more people are signing up for yoga classes nowadays,__________advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A.taking
B.to have taken
C.having taken
D.having been taken
【答案】A
【解析】take advantage of充分利用……的优势。此处为现在分词作状语，表目的。
例2 2012年A类决赛
Chasing wild animals with spears and clubs was amarathon__________—and then you had to chop up the catch and drag it miles back to camp.
A.to undertake
B.undertaken
C.to be undertaking
D.undertaking
【答案】D
【解析】此处运用隐喻修辞法，将追逐猎物比喻成一项马拉松式的任务，突出的是捕猎的艰苦和耗时。因为它并不仅仅只是像马拉松一样跑步，所以A项错误。B项成分残缺，C项中动词的主被动语态使用错误。所以答案选D，undertaking作动名词，表示“事业”，引申为“做的事情”或“承担的任务”。
5.虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英语语法中的一项重要内容，也是大学生英语竞赛的必考项目。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用于表示说话人所说的话与事实不符，包括想象、假设、建议、打算、愿望等。
虚拟语气按时间概念的不同可分为3种形式：①与现在事实相反；②与过去事实相反；③与将来事实相反。这三种非真实条件句的动词表现形式通常来说是非常规范的，如下表：
例1 2008年A类决赛
He can only blame himself for failing the exam.He__________harder during the year,but he seemed to go out with adifferent girl every weekend.
A.would have worked
B.should have worked
C.must work
D.ought to work
【答案】B
【解析】should have done表虚拟语气，本应该做却没做。句意：考试没过，他只能怪自己。这一年他本应该更努力学习的，但事实上他每周似乎都和不同的女孩外出。
例2 2009年A类初赛
Although the victim had atesting device that__________the problem，he continued to replace the fuses.This led to the disruption of the grounding path and the creation of ahazardous situation.
A.would have identified
B.would identify
C.will have identified
D.will identify
【答案】A
【解析】would have done表示与过去的事实相反。受害者有测试装置，如果使用了测试装置，那么就能识别出问题了，然而事实上他没有使用，所以也就没有识别出问题。would do表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。will have done表示将来完成时态。will do是一般将来时。
例3 2011年A类初赛
If the whole project__________beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.
A.was not planned
B.has not been planned
C.had not been planned
D.were not planned
【答案】C
【解析】句意：如果整个项目没有事先规划好，我们就会损失很多的时间和财力。此题涉及虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句：主语+had done，主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done。由题目后面“would have been lost”推出前面应套用“主语+had done”句型。
例4 2013年A类决赛
I would have gone to the charity party held by the famous film stars,__________for my exam the next day.
A.if it had been
B.if it hadn't been
C.had it been
D.it hadn't been
【答案】B
【解析】句意：如果不是第二天有考试，我就会去参加著名影星举办的慈善会了。题干描述与过去事实相反的情况，为虚拟语气，从句为“if+主语+had done”，主句为“主语should/would/could/might+have done”。根据句意可知，正确答案为B项，相当于hadn't it been。
疑难点拨
1）虚拟语气的倒装——省略“if”的条件句
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首倒装。
如：
Were Iyou,I would discuss it with my family.
如果我是你的话，我就会和我的家庭讨论这个问题。
Had you come earlier,you would have met him.
如果你早点来的话，你就会见到他。
Should you listen to him,you would make great progress.
要是你听他的话，你就会取得很大的进步。
例1 2008年A类初赛
__________the neighboring street,it would have had to pass through the station barriers,where acollector is always standing.
A.Had it not been pulled down
B.But for bringing it up
C.Should it not have been carried down from
D.Had it not been carried down from
【答案】D
【解析】空格部分使用了虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，因此需要使用过去完成时态。D项中省略了if，had提前。
例2 2012年A类初赛
__________the taxi and got to the airport earlier,we would have seen them off.
A.Had we caught
B.We had caught
C.Did we catch
D.If we caught
【答案】A
【解析】句意：如果那时候拦到了计程车，早点儿赶到机场，我们就能给他们送行了。对过去的事实虚拟，从句用had done形式，在采用省略if的倒装结构时需将had提前，主句则使用would have done的形式。因此答案选A。
2）虚拟语气的特殊形式
①一些动词在接宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气。这些动词包括：insist,command,order,suggest,advice,propose,request,require,demand,recommend,intend,deserved,desire。
如：
Mother insists that the wallet Ipicked up in the street（should）be given back to the owner.
母亲认为我在街上捡到的那个皮包应该还回失主。
It is recommended that the project not be started until all the preparations have been made.
建议在所有的准备工作完成之前，这项工程不要开始。
I suggested that Helen should visit him if she does need to get out of her present mess.
我的建议是海伦去拜访一下他，如果她确实需要走出现在的困境的话。
②当上述动词以名词形式出现，并且被用来作主语引导一个表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，其形式同上。
如：
My suggestion was that we（should）leave the burning building at once.
我的意见是我们应该马上离开这个着火的房子。
③当上述动词的名词形式接同位语从句时，同位语从句用虚拟语气，用法同上。
如：
The students put forward the demand that the class（should）be started at8：30in stead of8：00.
学生们要求将原来的8：00上课改为8：30。
The stubborn young man didn't follow the advice that he reflect on his bad behavior.
这个固执的年轻人没有听取意见去反省自己不好的行为。
④用在so that（为了），lest（以防），for fear that（怕），in case（以防）引导的状语从句中，从句中的should一般不省略。
如：
They got up early so that they should（=could/might）catch the first bus in time.
他们起得很早以便能及时赶上头班公交车。
We went over the document again and again lest we should miss any of the main points.
我们把文件看了一遍又一遍，唯恐忽略了其中的什么要点。
He is working hard for fear that he should fall behind others.
他努力工作，唯恐落在别人后面。
⑤在“it is/was＋advisable,preferable,important,necessary,essential,urgent,vital,natural,strange等形容词＋that从句”的句型中用虚拟语气。
如：
It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once.
有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that the wheel should turn so slowly.
真奇怪，这个轮子竟然转动得如此之慢。
例 2007年A类决赛
It is essential that applicants whose first language is not English__________sufficient linguistic competence to avoid any delay or difficulty in pursuing their studies.
A.had obtained
B.would have obtained
C.should have obtained
D.must obtain
【答案】C
【解析】句意：对第一语言为非英语的申请人来说，具备足够的语言学习能力对减少求学过程中的困难和滞后性至关重要。本题旨在考虚拟语气的用法。
⑥虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。
wish的各种时态都不影响从句的时态。
★与现在事实相反的愿望：
wish+从句主语+动词的过去式
如：
He wishes he were abird.
他希望自己是一只小鸟。
I wish Peter didn't live so far away from the town centre.We'll have to take ataxi.
我希望皮特住得没有离市中心这么远。我们只好打的去了。
★与过去事实相反的愿望：
wish+从句主语+had+动词的过去分词
如：
She wished she had been braver then.
她真希望那时她胆子大一些。
He is not satisfied with his exam results and wishes he had studied harder for his exams.
他对自己的考试成绩不满意，只希望自己之前能更加努力的学习，为考试做准备。
★与将来事实可能相反的愿望：
wish+从句主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形
如：
We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.
但愿他明天和我们在一起。
⑦在“would rather+that（常省略）从句”的句型中，从句用虚拟语气。从句时态根据句子要表达的意义而定。
如：
I would rather you stayed here.
我宁愿你待在这儿。
Mary would rather she had not broken the window.
玛丽真希望她自己没有打破这个窗户。
例 2008年A类样题
I would just as soon__________rudely to her.
A.you not speak
B.you won't speak
C.you not speaking
D.you didn't speak
【答案】D
【解析】这是英语中虚拟语气的一种句型。would just as soon=would rather（宁愿），其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，这句话是对现在事实的虚拟，要用一般过去时。
⑧as if/though从句中需用虚拟语气。
★在as if/though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况，它们所引导的表示虚拟性比喻或方式的状语从句要用虚拟语气。动词形式和wish后面的从句中动词形式变化相同。
如：
I have loved you as if you were my son.
我喜欢你，就好像你是我的儿子。
They were sitting there as if nothing had happened.
他们只是坐在那里，就像什么事都没发生过。
★as if/though引导的从句有依句意需要，也可用陈述语气，表示说话人认为有可能是事实的事。
如：
It seems as if she knows me.
似乎她认识我。（事实上她认识我的可能性很大）
He walks as if he is drunk.
他走起路来像是喝醉了酒。（事实上他可能真的喝醉了）
⑨在“到了该做……的时候了”（It is time that...）句型中，从句用过去式这种虚拟形式。区别于It is（high）time to do sth.。
如：
It is time that we went to bed.现在是该睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we handed in the homework.现在是我们该交作业的时候了。
⑩在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for和副词otherwise等表达出来。但是包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
如：
We didn't know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就给他打电话了。
But for your advice,I should have failed.要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。
6.其他
（1）代词
代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词，英语中代词使用得很广泛。代词有8大种类：人称代词；物主代词；自身代词；相互代词；提示代词；疑问代词；关系代词；不定代词。
例 2008年A类样题
Praise is like warm sunshine.It not only brings joy to__________who are praised but also adds pleasure to__________who praise.
A.these;these
B.we;us
C.them;them
D.those;those
【答案】D
【解析】those在此为代词，作主语，意思是“那些人”，后面的who引导了一个主语从句，修饰those。
例 2009年A类初赛
It is certain that no food is as good as__________earned by one's own labor,whether physical or mental.
A.such
B.that
C.what
D.one
【答案】B
【解析】句意：没有食物比通过自己劳动获得的食物更好了，无论体力劳动还是脑力劳动都是一样的。用that指代前文出现过的food这一名词，避免重复。such也可以作代词，代替上述的人或事物，表示有同样特征，但此处要表达的正是不同特征的食物，故不能使用such。如果使用what引导名词性从句，那么从句中需要使用被动语态，应该变为“what is earned by one's own labor”,因此C项不符合题意，排除。由于food为不可数名词，也不能用one代替。综上，只有选项B是正确的。
（2）语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
例 2008年A类初赛
There seemed little hope that the explorers,__________in the rainforest,would find their way out.
A.having deserted
B.to have been deserted
C.to be deserted
D.having been deserted
【答案】D
【解析】此句中having been deserted用于描述explorers的状态，在这里表示过去完成时，是已经被遗弃在雨林里。选项A中缺少被动态，可以排除。to do表示打算、计划做，to have done则表示将来完成或者现在完成时。因此选项B和C都可以排除。选项D为正确答案。
疑难点拨
1）若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词。
如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
改为被动：I was made to go out of the classroom（by the teacher）.
We saw him play football on the playground.
改为被动：He was seen to play football on the playground.
2）带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态。
如：
She dreamed abad dream last night.
3）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive等的主动形式表示被动意义。
如：
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。
4）be determined,be pleased,be graduated（from）,be finished,be prepared（for）,be occupied（in）,get married等的被动形式表示主动意义。
如：
He is graduated from afamous university.他毕业于一所有名的大学。
（3）情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义，但不能单独使用，而要与不带to的普通动词一起用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对某行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词的特点：
情态动词无人称和数的变化，情态动词后的动词需用原形，否定形式是在情态动词后加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，时态性不强，可用于过去、现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词，故没有被动语态。
例1 2010年A类初赛
As it turned out to be asmall house party,we__________so formally.
A.need not have dressed
B.must not have dressed
C.need not dress
D.must not dress
【答案】A
【解析】句意：结果是那只是一个小型的家庭聚会而已，我们本可以不打扮得如此正式的。need not不必（做某事）。must not禁止，不准（做某事）。此句表示已经发生的事情，因此用完成时，隐含一种后悔的心情。
例2 2010年A类决赛
Much as__________Icouldn't lend him the money because Isimply didn't have that much spare cash.
A.I would have liked to
B.I would like to have
C.I should have to like
D.I should have liked to
【答案】A
【解析】句意：尽管我愿意帮忙，但我却不能借给他钱，只因为我没有那么多余款。would like to do sth.想要做某事，愿意做某事，主句为过去时态，故使用would have liked to。B项have的位置不正确；C项和D项中的should表示“本应该做某事”，与语境不符合。
例3 2010年A类决赛
He__________unwisely,but he was at least trying to do something helpful.
A.may have acted
B.must have acted
C.should not act
D.would not act
【答案】A
【解析】句意：尽管他的行为可能不够明智，但至少他在努力做一些有益的事情。may在这里表示语气的不肯定，与后面表示转折的but相对应。must have acted用在此处语气不正确。由从句可知，事件发生在过去，故C项和D项不可选，前后时态搭配不一致。
情景对话技巧指南
1.答题步骤
（1）认真审题，明确语境
通读整篇对话，弄清对话是在什么地方、什么情况下进行的，参与对话的人是什么身份、地位。这有助于充分理解对话所涉及的内容，了解对话双方的目的和意图。
（2）浏览对话，上下对照
做补全对话题时，要紧密联系上下文，不能孤立地去看某些句子。既要瞻前，又要顾后。要将自己置身于对话之中，站在对话人所处的位置上，全面地考虑，留意问什么就答什么；或答了什么，就问什么。要紧紧抓住对话主题，围绕对话人的目的和意图，结合语境，逐步推敲。
（3）沉着作答，重读复核
在补全对话之后，要将整段对话再默读一遍，对所选答案进行验证。要从所填内容是否符合语境，上下文意思是否连贯，是否符合英美人的交流习惯等方面进行复查。
2.解题技巧
（1）根据上下文语意判断
做情景对话题，最重要的就是联系上下文，从已有部分中推断出未知部分，通常句子中会出现与之相关的关键词或句子的提示。最常用的方法就是代入法，把不合适的一一排除。
例1 2014年A类初赛
Sally：Is it broken?
Kate：Yes,the bulb is broken.I'm afraid Iwon't be able to use the projector.__________I have some paper copies in my briefcase.
Sally：Sure.Take your time.
A.Could you bear with me?
B.Something has gone wrong.
C.Could you see to it?
D.Where could we find anew bulb?
【答案】A
【解析】题干中Kate指出灯坏了，因此用不了投影仪，提出自己的公文包里还有复印件，根据Sally的回答“没问题，别着急”，可推测A项“能给我一点时间吗”符合语境。该项中bear with sb.指“容忍某人”，常用来委婉地请对方耐心等待。
例2 2014年A类决赛
Laura：What's the most unusual restaurant you've ever been to?
Dan：Oh,a really extraordinary place called Jurassic Nosh.It looked like the last place on earth where you were likely to get agood meal.Disgusting animal skulls and untanned hides were draped on the wall.
Laura：What about the food?Was it as unusual as the surroundings?
Dan：In fact,it wasn't at all appetizing to look at.But it was extremely tasty when Igot over the shock of the way it looked.
A.The post will easily catch customers'eye.
B.The cuisine it provides is far fancier than you could imagine.
C.It is strongly recommended by my gourmet friend.
D.My first impression of the place was abit off-putting.
【答案】D
【解析】对话中Dan介绍了一个叫Jurassic Nosh的饭馆，开始时指出它最不像是会有美味的地方，墙上挂的都是令人作呕的动物头骨和未鞣的皮毛，但谈到这家店的食物时，提到“it was extremely tasty”，可知D项“这个地方给我的第一印象是有点儿让人讨厌”符合语境。
（2）根据答句yes/no判断
当答句为yes/no时，则上一句一般为一般疑问句或反义疑问句。
例 2008年A类决赛
Man：I'm afraid Igot stopped by the police for speeding today,dear.
Woman：Oh no,David.You didn't,did you!
Man：__________
Woman：That's dreadful.We can't afford that.You really should drive more slowly!
A.No,I met afriend on my way home.
B.No,I had to pay alot of money for parking.
C.Yes,I was caught by apoliceman.
D.Yes,I got an on the spot fine of$280.00.
【答案】D
【解析】肯定地回答反义疑问句did you，应用yes。根据后面的回答“we can't afford that”，可知他超速被罚款了，即选项D正确。
（3）根据特殊疑问词判断
根据how long/much/many/often等特殊疑问句来判断答句的内容，或根据答句提供的时间、地点或方式等细节信息判断特殊疑问词。
例1 2009年A类初赛
Female：It's always so hard to know__________.
Male：I know.I mean,the only thing he likes doing is going fishing,and he buys all that stuff himself.And clothes...he's got so many already.
Female：Well,how about anew fishing rod?
Male：__________I mean,he's so particular.
A.how to make Dad happy;Sure.
B.when Dad goes out;Give it atry.
C.what to get for Dad;I wouldn't dare.
D.where Dad buys his stuff;Not bad.
【答案】C
【解析】从男性第一个回答中提到的he buys all that stuff和clothes可以猜测对话者是想为父亲买东西，而不是怎么让他开心，什么时候出去或者他在哪里买东西。所以选项C是正确的。
例2 2010年A类决赛
Julie：Do you know everybody here?
Paul：No.Hardly anybody.
Julie：How do you know Sam?
Paul：He's afriend of Mark's.How do you know him?
Julie：Sam and Igo to the same gym.
Paul：He's anice guy.__________
Julie：About ayear or so.
Paul：Who else do you know here?
Julie：Well,there's Sam's girlfriend,Clare...
A.How long have you known him?B.What do you know about him?
C.How well do you know him?D.Why do you want to know him?
【答案】A
【解析】从上下文可知，Paul和Julie在讨论Sam，他们谈及Sam的为人，在哪里结识Sam以及何时认识Sam。根据回答“about ayear or so”可知对方询问的是时间，故使用有关时间的问句“how long...”。
（4）根据转折词判断
转折词表示与现实情况不符或与说话人意见不同等，通过转折词之前或之后的内容，可以推断出空白部分所表达的意思。
例 2013年A类决赛
Amy：Why do you feel like living by yourself?
Jean：Well,I've always had to share with my younger sister and she keeps bursting in when I'm trying to have afew moments to myself.
Amy：__________But wouldn't it be abore keeping your own place clean and tidy?
Jean：No,because Ilike to keep things in order.
A.It doesn't matter,I suppose.
B.You seem to enjoy loneliness.
C.Then we can conclude that your little sister must be adorable.
D.I can see you'll be glad to get some privacy.
【答案】D
【解析】对话中Jean谈到想要自己一个人住的原因是，跟他一起住的小妹妹总是在他想要独处一会儿时突然出现，Amy反问到“但是总是把自己的地方收拾得过于整齐干净不会感到无聊吗？”，根据“but”一词可知，空格部分在意思上与反问句构成转折，D项“我明白了你是想要有一些私人空间”符合题意，因此为正确答案。Jean是想要自己独处的时间，而不是孤独，因此B项错误。A项和C项不能在句意上构成转折，因此排除。
（5）根据搭配、习语等判断
例1 2013年A类决赛
Interviewer：Most people love the circus.Are you ready for tomorrow afternoon's performance?
Circus leader：We'll be working all day and half the night.And__________,by tomorrow morning everything will have been set up in time for the afternoon performance.
Interviewer：Good luck！
A.so to speak
B.touch the wood
C.fingers crossed
D.as you promise
【答案】C
【解析】根据马戏团团长的回答“我们从白天一直忙碌到深夜……到明天早晨，下午的演出一切准备就绪”，及采访者最后提到的“祝你们好运”，可知C项中固定表达fingers crossed“乞求好运，祈求”符合语境。so to speak可以说，可谓。as you promise如你所许诺的。表示“但愿走好运”的另一种表达为touch wood，中间不加定冠词the。
例2 2014年A类决赛
Dave：It's important to understand that it's not too late.__________and think that you have no chance of success.
Paul：It's still not too late?All my hopes were dashed by the announcement.
Dave：You need to remain alert,especially in acrisis.
A.Don't go to the wall without hesitation
B.You must not simply throw in the towel at this stage
C.Never put your back into it immediately
D.There may be adramatic change in no time
【答案】B
【解析】对话中大卫指出，现在重要的是知道一切还来得及，并告诉对方在危机中尤其需要保持警觉。因此B项“你不能在这个阶段认输”符合语境。throw in the towel认输。go to the wall失败。put your back into埋头干。
（6）根据交际礼节等来判断
例 2010年A类初赛
Paul：Mark,I'm sorry if I've upset you.
Mark：I thought you knew Iliked Lucy.
Paul：Yes,but Ididn't realize you two were serious.
Mark：I see.
Paul：Believe me,__________
Mark：That's OK.
Paul：Look,I'll phone her and cancel our date tomorrow.
Mark：No,just leave it.
A.I'll let her know for sure.
B.I'm really sorry!
C.I'll keep that in mind.
D.I'm not going to let her go.
【答案】B
【解析】题意：保罗向马克道歉，因为他约会的对象正是马克喜欢的女孩——露西。根据马克的答语That's OK.（没关系。）可以推断出保罗再次表达了歉意，故B项正确。其他选项均不能用That's OK回答。I'll let her know for sure.我一定会让她知道。I'll keep that in mind.我会铭记于心。I'm not going to let her go.我不会放她走的。
例 2010年A类初赛
Miranda：It's getting late.What time is the last subway train,Joe?
Joe：I think it's already gone.
Miranda：Are there any night buses?
Joe：I'm not sure.Sorry.
Miranda：__________
Joe：Go ahead.
A.Do you mind if Istay here for the night?
B.Do you mind if Iuse your phone to call ataxi?
C.Could you give me aride?
D.Could you call ataxi for me?
【答案】B
【解析】题意：米兰达询问地铁末班车的时间，乔说车已经开走了，也不清楚是否有夜班车可坐，因此米兰达向乔借电话叫计程车。根据乔最后的答语Go ahead.（好啊，那样做吧。）可以推断出答案为B。对于A项的回答应为：No,you certainly can,welcome.对于C项、D项的回答应为：No problem!
文化部分知识串讲
1.英国
2.美国
