北京航空航天大学2013年基础英语考研真题

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and structure(20points)

Directions:There are four choices in each of the following sentences.Decide which one is correct and make the correct answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

1.She had to exercise all her____to prevent clashes between the two opinionated guests.

A.tacks

B.tactics

C.tarts

D.thinks

2.His____behavior shows that he’s honest,but he seems rude to some people.

A.forehead

B.degenerate

C.forthright

D.forming

3.The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race,color,or previous condition of____

A.simulation

B.solitude

C.seclusion

D.servitude

4.Doubt and mistrust could creep into our lives,____personal and professional relationships.

A.converting

B.corresponding

C.consoling

D.corroding

5.Dramatic literature often____the history of aculture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture.

A.confounds

B.repudiates

C.recapitulates

D.anticipates

6.Contrary to the popular conception that it is powered by conscious objectivity,science often operates through error,happy accidents,____and persistence in spite of mistakes.

A.fact

B.controls

C.hunches

D.deduction

7.Compared with their parties,politicians are____they are considerably less enduring than the organizations in which they function.

A.ubiquitous

B.autonomous

C.transitory

D.fickle

8.Researchers____that genes may determine the strength of the immune system,which could help to explain how an infectious disease could have ahereditary link.

A.evaluate

B.estimate

C.speculate

D.anticipate

9.The writer has gained such popularity with his readers that even his inanities are now considered____

A.trenchant

B.vacuous

C.speculative

D.allusive

10.The idealized paintings of nature produced in the eighteenth century are evidence that the medieval____natural settings had been____and that the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation.

A.fear of...exorcised

B.concerns about...regained

C.affection for...surmounted

D.disinterest in...alleviated

11.The river was____with industrial waste from the nearby factory.

A.irradiated

B.corrupted

C.contaminated

D.fragmented

12.Nonviolent demonstrations often create such tensions that acommunity that has constantly refused to____its injustices is forced to correct them:the injustices can no longer be____

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...eliminated

13.In order to be successful in life,one needs to____in spite of life’s challenges.

A.perpetuate

B.persevere

C.preserve

D.pretend

14.Despite the fact that the book promises acomplete rethinking of the factors contributing to the conflict,the picture that the book paints is____the causes it suggests are more orthodox than____

A.unique...innovative

B.commonplace...imitative

C.controversial...radical

D.familiar...revisionist

15.The belief that science destroys the arts appears to be supported by historical evidence that the arts have____only when the sciences have been____

A.declined...attacked

B.flourished...neglected

C.matured...unconcerned

D.succeeded...developed

16.____Scholars hold differing opinions.Some trace the roots of Chicanos in the United States all the way back to the earliest migrations across the Bering Strait.Others start with Aztec society to demonstrate the historical continuities between contemporary Chicanos and their Aztec-ancestors.A third group identifies the“Spanish Borderlands”period(1540-1820)as the earliest phase of Chicano history.

A.When does Chicano history begin?

B.There is continuing interest in Chicano history.

C.Chicano history has fascinated scholars for many years.

D.Few are concerned about setting aprecise date for the origin of Chicano history.

17.Many Easterners think that all California college students surf every day,wear sunglasses indoors as well as outdoors(even on rainy days),and mingle with the superstars daily.____ recent survey of students on alarge,urban CSU campus revealed that only2percent had surfed,and although40percent did wear sunglasses,15percent of those were doing so on their doctors’recommendations.As for the superstars,barely10percent had met aHollywood actor.

A.The possibilities of such stereotypes are endless.

B.Stereotypes,however,are often misleading.

C.Probably both Easterners and Californians would like to fit all of those stereotypes.

D.Most California students do live up to those enviable stereotypes.

18.Accompanying the article on humor were pictures of aleering Groucho Marx and agrinning Sigmund Freud,on ea brilliant humorist and the other abrilliant analyst whose own study of humor has been largely ignored.The unlikely pair attracted readers to the article,whose author made two major points.Serious studies of humor are rarely undertaken.____

A.Comics would urge us to laugh,not soberly to study laughter.

B.What ajoke aFreudian analysis of the Marx Brothers would have been.

C.The studies that are made are rarely taken seriously.

D.Freud was interested in all aspects of the human mind.

19.Another area that technology is changing our way of life is entertainment.____eople listened to music in concert halls or at small social gatherings.For many people now however,music is asolitary experience.

A.Entertainment was once an activity enjoyed by agroup of people.

B.The changes in entertainment is only one case in point.

C.Music was once favored by many people,old and young.

D.Music,for instance,was once agroup experience.

20.As researchers on aging noted recently,no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging.____Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans,too.

A.And scientists found that rats fed alow-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had areduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age.

B.But one intervention,consumption of alow-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet,works incredibly well in abroad range of animals,increasing longevity and prolonging good health.

C.What’s more,animals eating low-calorie diet survived longer than those eating normally,which means that the maximum life span increased.

D.In addition,studies with monkeys demonstrated that calorie-restricted monkeys have lower blood pressure and adecreased likelihood of heart disease.

Ⅱ.Error spotting(20points)

Directions:Decide which underlined part in each of the following sentences is incorrect and mark the correct answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

21.So Aon that perfect October morning,I stopped Carlos and said,point-blank B,“It doesn’t seem tobother Cyou—to be short D,I mean.”

22.What Ais limiting the realization of the opportunity are Bthe absence of relevant idealsin the minds of Cthe peoplewho Dare using and developing and innovating these technologies.

23.Bernstein and his colleaguesassembled Aagroup ofliberally-minded citizens Bfrom Boulder and a separate group ofconservatives Cfrom Colorado Springsto discuss D,climate change same-sex civil unions,and affirmative action.

24.A garden is an extension Aof oneself—or selves—and so ithas to be Ban arenawhere Cstriving does not cease,but continuesin other means D.

25.Only the gardeneris capable of Aendlessly revivingso much hope Bchat this year,regardless of Cdrought,flood,typhoon,or his own stupidity,this year isgoing to Ddo it right!

26.UnlessAajournalist for amajor paper or TV network is foundto have run Bafalse story perhaps because it was“too good to check” C—then his or her careeris over. D

27.As it is A,though,I cannot deny that when April comes Ifind myselfgo out to Blean on the fence and look at that miserable plot of land,resolving Cwith all my rational powersnot to plant Dit again.

28.There was thehighly regarded Aforeign correspondent who won aprize for articles which Bincluded an interview with atop Taleban officialwho Cturned outnot exist Dat all.

29.But then,both through Asome mistakes or lack of care,the plant beganto wither Band decline C,and nothing Idid would bring Dit back to health.

30.This most important measurementhas omitted Ain the studies of the quality of education in this country,the only one,I think,that Bextendseven to children Cthe license to freely speak,write andbe creative D.

31.The No Child Left Behind law,whichmarks Aits sixth anniversary next month,is the first federal effortto hold Ball public K-12schools accountableto Cthe performance oftheir students D.

32.If that kind of thinghad happened Awhen I had been young B,the whole village would have condemnedsuch an ungrateful son Cand his fatherwould surely have given Dhim agood beating.

33.Hesat in front of Athe young people,his dusty facemasking his age B,dressed in Caplain brown suit that did notfit for him D.

34.By studying Ageometry,studentscan Blearnwhat to Cdevelop logical arguments through Ddeductive reasoning.

35.So he could not resist the temptation toplay alittle joke on Athe education system,which had been thrown Bintosuch apanic Cby thesuccessfully launching Dof the Russian Sputnik.

36.Schools mustmeet their annual goals Afor all students and those same goals for specified student subgroups,includes Bmembers of racial and ethnic minorities,economically disadvantaged students C,English-language learners,andchildren with disabilities D.

37.Although Internet has the capacity Ato bring people together,too often Bthe associations formed onlinecomprising Cself-selecting groups with little diversity of opinion,explains Dthe Frankfurter professor of law.

38.If more studentsare thriving Ain higher education,high schools mustnote only Bhelp them earn good grades in demanding courses,but alsostep up their work Cto guide them through the difficult process ofchoosing and applying to Dcolleges.

39.Evolutionis always about Acompetition,but for humans,with Darwin speculated B,competition among groupshas turned us into Cpretty cooperative,empathetic and altruistic creatures—at least Dwithin our our families,groups and sometimes nations

40.The new approachchallenges Athe new atheists,whosee themselves involve Bin awar ofreason against CCfaith and who have an unwarranted faith in the power of pure reason andin the purity Dof their own reasoning.

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

Directions:Fill in each blank with one word and write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Building trust among key stakeholders is astrategic concern for any corporation.Today,41companies seek to improve their reputations,they can’t ignore the environment.These issues are not only top of mind among consumers but also42by almost half of the survey respondents as an area in which corporation have anegative impact on society43they pollute and otherwise damage44ecosystems.

Each company must analyze what role environmental issues and climate change can and should45in its strategies.For some,building trust among46and seizing an important business opportunity can47hand in hand.A packaged-goods company that introduces smaller containers48of recycled pulp products,for example,not only stands to benefit from lower materials and transportation49but also visibly contributes to the reduction of50gas emissions.

But many corporations would be wrong to focus almost all of their societal efforts51environmental issues and to forget about52that are important in their industries.In retailing,for example,our consumer research suggests that53such as reducing energy consumption and54environment-friendly products are important for winning credibility as asocially responsible55.The most burning issue for this industry,56,is the way global retailers treat their employees,so companies should address that one as57.

Indeed,when asked which specific area would be most effective if large corporations wanted to raise their overall58,19percent of consumers said that companies should improve the benefits and conditions of59employees,17percent that they ought to become more environmentally60.

Ⅳ.Writing(50points)

Part One(20points)

Directions:You will read atable showing desertification in aregion.Write acomposition of no less than120words to describe the trend of the changes,the possible causes and effects,and some effective solutions for these changes on the ANSWER SHEET.

Part Two(30points)

Directions:Life expectancy has soared in China,while fertility has plummeted due to strict birth control policies.In2009there were167million over-60s,about an eighth of the population.By2050there will be480million,while the number of young people will have fallen.Taking care of the old will not only be abig challenge for individual families,but also for the government.

Write an essay with the title“How Should the Chinese Society Face the Aging Era”in no less than200words on the ANSWER SHEET.

Ⅴ.General Knowledge(40points)

Part One(20points)

Directions:Read the following unfinished statements carefully.Choose the best one from the four choices A,B,C and Dto finish each statement.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

61.____is the hometown of Shakespeare?

A.Stratford

B.London

C.Liverpool

D.Edinburgh

62.____is aDemocratic president of the U.S.

A.Theodore Roosevelt

B.George W.Bush

C.Bill Clinton

D.Abraham Lincoln

63.The9/11Attacks were aseries of four coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States in the New York City and the Washington D.C.areas in September of____

A.2000

B.2001

C.1999

D.1998

64.Wimbledon tennis tournament is held in____each summer.

A.the U.K.

B.the U.S.

C.Canada

D.Australia

65.The highest office in the judiciary in the U.K.is____

A.the Lord Chancellor

B.the Prime Minister

C.the Secretary of State

D.the Queen

66.The____grew up within the relative economic prosperity of the1950s and1960s,who created the counterculture of the1960s.

A.Generation Xers

B.Generation Yers

C.Baby Boomers

D.Generation Zers

67.Queen Victoria was the Monarch of the U.K.during the period from____

A.1066to1089

B.1837to1901

C.1558to1603

D.1981to1989

68.In the American welfare reform of1996,AFDC was changed from an open-ended entitlement program to ablock grant program called____

A.TANF

B.Medicaid

C.Medicare

D.SSI

69.Historians refer to the years between the Civil War and the start of the20th century in the U.S.history as the____an era of industrial giants.

A.Golden Age

B.Permissive Age

C.Gilded Age

D.Jazz Age

70.The faith of“Devine Rights of the King”was held by James Iof the House of____

A.Plantagenet

B.Tudor

C.Windsor

D.Stuart

71.The16th century English Renaissance boomed under the reign of____

A.Mar Tudor

B.ElizabethⅠ

C.HenryⅡ

D.HenryⅧ

72.The following were the welfare benefits granted in cash in the U.S.except____

A.SSI

B.TANF

C.Medicaid

D.Unemployment Compensations

73.After____England entered the age of Feudalism.

A.the Roman invasion

B.the arrival and settlement of Celts

C.the Norman Conquest

D.the Viking and Danish invasion

74.In the U.S.____is the language secondary only to English in terms of the number of speakers.

A.French

B.Dutch

C.Spanish

D.Chinese

75.____has/have consistently been regarded with pride by the majority of British people.

A.Public housing

B.The Department of Social Security

C.Trade unions

D.the National Health Service

76.In1944Congress passed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act,popularly:called the____which granted financial aid to the veterans to go to college.

A.Miranda Warnings

B.Bill of Rights

C.G.I.Bill of Rights

D.Equal Rights Amendment

77.____abolished slavery in the U.S.

A.The Civil Rights Act of1964

B.The Voting Rights Act of1965

C.The Emancipation Proclamation of1863

D.The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of1865

78.____as practiced on the Island of Great Britain before Christianity was brought there.

A.Islam

B.Judaism

C.Druidism

D.Presbyterianism

79.The main criticisms of the post-war practice of universal state welfare provision were advocated by____in the U.K.

A.John Major

B.Tony Blair

C.George Brown

D.Margret Thatcher

80.In the House of Commons in the U.K.,there are____MPS.

A.659

B.439

C.695

D.539

Part Two(10points)

Directions:Explain the following terms in English.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.(2.5points for each)

81.“common-law”family

82.Salad bowl

83.GCE-A-Level

84.Medicare

Part Three(10points)

Directions:Discuss on the following topic with persuasive arguments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET．

There has been asoaring statistics of gun-related crimes,but lobbies for citizen’s right to arms remain strong in the United States.How do you interpret this phenomenon?

参考答案

Ⅰ.Vocabulary and structure(20points)

1.B.译文：她必须使尽所有的手段来阻止这两位固执己见的客人间的冲突。tactic“手段，策略”，exercise one’s tactics“运用某人的手段”，符合题干句意，为正确答案。tack“大头针”，tart“果馅饼”，think“思考”，均排除。

2.C.译文：他的直率行为说明他是个诚实的人，但有些人却认为他很粗鲁。forthright“直率的”，符合题干句意，为正确答案。forehead“前额”；degenerate“衰退的，堕落的”；forming“形成的”，均排除。

3.D.译文：公民的选举权不得因为种族、肤色或以前的奴隶身份而被剥夺。servitude“奴隶（状态）”，符合题干句意，为正确答案。simulation“模拟”，solitude“孤单，独居”，seclusion“隐居”，均排除。

4.D.译文：怀疑和不信任会深入我们的生活，破坏个人关系和工作关系。corrode原意为“（化学作用）侵蚀”，比喻意义为“破坏，损坏”，corrode the relationship意为“破坏关系”，符合题干句意，为正确答案。convert“改变（形式或用途），改变（信仰）”，常见搭配为convert from sth.to/into sth.“将某物从……改为……”；correspond with“相符合，相一致”，常见搭配为correspond with sth.“与……相符”，console“安慰，慰问”，常见搭配为console sb.for/on sth.“因为……而安慰某人”。

5.C.译文：戏剧文学往往会扼要概括某一文化的历史，因为它的创作题材是形成和引导文化的重要事件。recapitulate“重述要点，简要回顾”，recapitulate the history of aculture“扼要概括某文化的历史”，符合题干句意，为正确答案。confound“使（思想）混乱”；repudiate“否决，回绝”；anticipate“期望，预料”，常见搭配为anticipate doing sth.和anticipate that+从句，意为“期望某事物发生”。

6.C.译文：与“科学以有意识的客观性为其推动力”这一流行的观念相反，科学常常是通过谬误、巧合、直觉式的预感以及全然不管失误而坚持不懈的努力来运行的。hunch“基于直觉的想法”，可与error,happy,accidents等形成语义和结构上的并列，符合题干句意，为正确答案。fact“事实”，control“自制”，deduction（根据原则而做出的）推理，推断；三者可以说都是有意识的客观性conscious objectivity，与题干语境不符，均排除。

7.D.译文：政治家与其政党相比起来更为善变：他们的韧性不如其所效力的组织。fickle“易变的，无常的”，与题干中less enduring“不持久的”语境相符，故为答案。ubiquitous“无处不在的”，autonomous“自治的”；transitory“（持续时间）短暂的”，均排除。

8.C.译文：研究者们推测基因可能决定着人体免疫力的强弱，这一推测有助于解释传染病在何种程度上与遗传有关。speculate“（在证据并不充分情况下）推测，推断”，符合题干研究者们的推测语气，表达出了科学的严谨，故为答案。evaluate“评估，评价”，estimate“估计，估量（某物的大小，成本，价值等）”，anticipate“期望（某事物）；预料（某物会发生）”，均排除。

9.A.译文：这位作家很受读者欢迎，就连他空洞无物的话语都被看做是犀利的言辞。trenchant“（指言论，论据等）有力的，尖锐的”，符合题干“该作家受欢迎”的逻辑语境，故为答案。vacuous“无思想的，空洞的”，speculative“思考的；推测出的”，allusive“暗指的；含典故的”，均排除。

10.A.译文：18世纪理想的风景写生证明了中世纪人们对大自然的恐惧已经消除，那时候人们已经可以毫不害怕地享受户外景色。分析句子结构可知，空处所在分句与“the outdoors now could be enjoyed without trepidation”(那时候人们已经可以毫不害怕地享受户外景色）为并列结构，可推知空白处在语义上应该体现“人们对自然环境没有恐惧”的含义，fear of

“对……恐惧”，exorcise“祛除，消除”，exorcise the fear of natural settings“消除对自然环境的恐惧”，符合题干语境，故为答案。concern about“关心”；regain“夺取，夺回”；affection for“喜爱”；surmount“克服，打破”；disinterest in“对……冷漠”；alleviate“缓解，减轻”。

11.C.译文：这条河流被附近工厂的工业废料污染了。contaminate“污染”，contaminate the river“污染河流”，符合题干语义，故为答案。irradiate“照射”，常见搭配为irradiate sth.with sth.“使某物生辉”；corrupt“堕落，腐化(尤指有伤风化）”；fragment“使破碎，分裂”。

12.A.译文：非暴力示威游行通常会制造这样的紧张状态，即一直拒绝承认其不公平行为的团体被迫去纠正这些行为：不公平行为不再被忽视。分析题干句子结构可知，句中的同位语从句的大意是“a community is forced to correct them”(该团体被迫去纠正这些不公平行为），从其中的“forced”(被迫）一词推出“该团体肯定是拒绝承认其不公平行为”，再从“correct them”(去纠正不公平行为)一词推出“不公平行为不再被忽视”，acknowledge“承认（某物）属实”，ignore“忽视”，符合题干语境，故为答案。decrease“减少”；verify“证实，核对”；tolerate“容忍，忍受”；accept“接受”；address“提出”，eliminate“消除”。

13.B.译文：为了取得成功，人们必须坚持不懈，不管生活中有多少挑战。persevere“坚持做某事（尤指不畏困难和挑战）”，常见搭配为persevere at/in/with sth.“锲而不舍做某事”，符合题干语境，故为答案。perpetuate“使某物永存，持续”；preserve“保护，维护”；pretend“假装”；均排除。

14.D.译文：尽管这本书承诺对引起冲突的因素进行彻底反思，但是书中描绘的情形却是毫无新意的：它阐述的理由都是合乎传统的，没有做出修正。根据句首despite“尽管”这一表示让步转折的介词，可推知这本书的内容还是为人熟知的familiar，与该书没有做出重新考虑rethinking这一语境形成照应；冒号后面的句子对主干含义进行补充说明，根据句中的比较结构可知，空格2处应与形容词orthodox“合乎传统的，正统的”形成对立，revisionist“修正主义者（强调对传统教条的修正）”符合题干语境，故为正确答案。unique“独一无二的”；innovative“革新的，新颖的”；commonplace“普通的”；imitative“模仿的”；controversial“有争议的”；radical“激进的”。

15.B.译文：科学破坏艺术的观点似乎有历史证据支持。这一证据指出只有当科学被忽视的时候，艺术才得以繁荣发展。空格1为艺术arts发出的动作，空格2为科学science承受的动作，这两个动作要体现主句中science destroys the arts“科学损坏艺术”的含义，从而推知两个空格应填入一组反义词体现科学和艺术的对立关系，“艺术的繁荣”与“科学遭受忽略”形成对立，符合题干语义，故为正确答案。decline“衰落”；attack“攻击”；mature“成熟”；unconcerned“冷漠的”；succeed“成功”；develop“发展”。

16.A.A项以问句形式引出，与下文作者设问性的回答和进一步解释语篇连贯。

17.B.调查研究说明加州大学生的实际情况可能并不像东方人所想，可推知作者在此处作了转折。

18.C.马克思是典型的幽默家，而弗洛伊德是分析家，分析家不应该和幽默搭边，所以分析家所做的幽默研究都被忽略了。

19.D.技术影响人们的生活，体现在娱乐上：人们原来在音乐厅或者小型聚会上听音乐，但现在音乐可以独自体验。

20.B.作者在空白部分对首句研究者的观点进行了转折，而且也提到了有关低热量可以延缓衰老的新发型。

Ⅱ.Error spotting(20points)

21.D.To be short→being short。“个子矮小”是一种状态，应该用动名词形式，being short作句子真正的逻辑主语。

22.B.are→is。What引导的主语从句做主语，谓语用单数。

23.B.liberally-minded citizens→liberal-minded citizens。复合形容词形式名词，结构是：形容词+名词-ed。

24.D.in other means→by other means。“通过其他方式”。

25.D.is going to→he is going to。本句的do的实施者是the gardener，为了避免与上文名词重复，用人称代词来代替。

26.A.unless→If。连词if引导条件状语从句。

27.B.go out to→going out to。find+V-ing表示主动含义，find+V-ed表示被动含义。两个短语都表示“不知不觉地在……”。

28.D.not exist→not to exist。固定结构：it turned out that或者sb.turned out to be。

29.A.both through→either through。这里是either...or...结构，表示选择。

30.A.has omitted→has been omitted。主语measurement与动词omit之间是动宾关系。

31.C.to→for。accountable（to sb.）for sth.“为（某人的）某事负责”。

32.B.had been young→was young。when引导的时间状语从句是对过去事实的陈述，用一般过去时。

33.D.fit for him→fit him。fit作及物动词讲时，表示“合身”；fit作形容词讲时，固定搭配：be fit for sb.

34.C.what to→how to。动词develop的宾语已经给出，不应该在使用what这一疑问代词，而改用how这一疑问副词。

35.D.successfully launching→successful launching。launching这一动名词是of所有格结构中的中心词，应由形容词来修饰。

36.B.includes→including。本句已经有完整句子主干，include只能以V-ing的形式出现，做伴随状语。

37.C.comprising→comprise。comprise这里应作句子的谓语，不能以非谓语形式出现。

38.A.are thriving→are to thrive。这是if引导的对将来情况的假设，用be to do表示将来。

39.B.with Darwin speculated→as Darwin speculated。这里不符合with引导的独立主格结构：with+主语+动词-ing/动词-ed。而是as引导的非限制性定语从句。

40.B.see themselves involve→see themselves involved。see+宾语+动词原形/动词-ing，表示“看到某人做某事的过程/正在做某事”。

Ⅲ.Cloze(20points)

41.as。此处需要表示因果关系的连词。

42.regarded。regard...as...“将……认作……”。

43.because。此处需要表示因果关系的连词。

44.global.形容词global能体现出企业对生态环境从污染到毁坏的过程。

45.play.play arole in sth.“在……中起作用”。

46.consumers。“利益相关者”就是“消费者”，填入consumer照应句首。

47.go.go hand in hand“携手并进”。

48.made.made of“由……制成”。

49.costs.由句意“包装消费品在引进小容器之后肯定会降低原料和运输成本”可知。

50.greenhouse.greenhouse gas“温室气体”。

51.on.focus...on...“集中注意力”。

52.others.“对环境问题的重视”与“对其他问题的忽略”形成对照，空白处的other issues简化为others。

53.measures.无论是降低能耗，还是销售环保产品在性质上都是一种措施。

54.selling.可以看出空格处与前文形成并列结构，所以此处填入动词-ing形式。

55.company.这里是介词as引出句子的动作实施者。

56.however.零售行业的公司可以通过环保措施取得信任，但是他们不能忽视自己员工的问题。

57.well.as well“也”。

58.reputations.企业都在试图提高自己的声誉。

59.their.因为主语已经出现名词company，为了避免重复，采取“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。

60.friendly.文章第三段已出现复合形容词environment-friendly，此处应填入“副词+形容词”结构。

Ⅳ.Writing(50points)

略。

Ⅴ.General Knowledge(40points)

Part One(20points)

61-65ACBAA

66-70CBACD

71-75BCCCD

76-80BDCDA

Part Two(10points)

81.“common-law”family

A common law family is aman and awoman living together in acommon law marriage situation with children.A common law marriage is an alternative form of marriage.Unlike atraditional marriage,common law marriage does not require that the couple have aceremony led by ajustice of the peace,or that they obtain amarriage license.A common law marriage is instead obtained purely through the conduct and relationship of the two people.While many states outlawed common law marriage by statute in the1800’s,fifteen states and the District of Columbia still recognize acommon law union.

82.Salad bowl

The salad bowl concept suggests that the integration of the many different cultures of the United States residents combine like asalad,as opposed to the more traditional notion of acultural melting pot.

In the salad bowl model,various American cultures are juxtaposed—like salad ingredients—but do not merge into asingle homogeneous culture.Each culture keeps its own distinct qualities.

83.GCE-A-Level

GCE-A-Level,(that is,the Genera)Certificate of Education Advanced Level,is an academic qualification offered by educational institutions in England,Wales and Northern Ireland to students completing secondary or pre-university education.

A-level requires studying an offered A-level subject over atwo-year period and sitting for an examination at the end of each year,proctored by an official assessment body.GCE-A-Level is recognized by many universities as the standard for assessing the suitability of applicants for admission in England,Wales,and Northern Ireland,and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on astudent’s predicted A-level grades.

84.Medicare

Medicare is anational social insurance program,administered by the U.S.federal government since1965.It guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged65and older and younger people with disabilities as well as people with end stage renal disease and persons with Lou Gehrig’s disease.

The current Medicare has four parts;hospital insurance,medical insurance,medicare advantage plans and prescription drugs.

Part Three(10points)

略。