中国矿业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
Part I Reading Comprehension
Passage one
1.【答案】D
【解析】根据本文第一段最后第一句话“and particularly about whether we're equipping them to cope with the academic and social pressures that lie ahead”可知，作者尤其担心他们因为没有足够的时间陪伴孩子们，导致无法教会他们处理成长道路上出现的学业和社会压力，因此选择D。
2.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第二段第二句话中“three quarters (75 percent) felt that long working hours made it difficult to spend enough time with their family”，据此可知，四分之三的家长认为工作时间长，导致很难抽出足够的时间陪伴家人。因此选择C。
3.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第五段第一和第二句话“Tim Gill, a childhood play consultant, believes that contemporary pressures, combined with the way we now raise and educate our children, is leaving many unable to cope. For him, it's time to go back to basics—freedom to play, to explore and to make mistakes”。Tim Gill认为，当代的压力以及我们养育和教育孩子的方式，使得很多孩子无法应对。在他看来，现在是时候回归最基本的了——自由玩耍、探索和犯错。由此可知，他认为现在的孩子们学业压力过大，因而失去了最基本的东西。因此选择C。
4.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于最后一段“Happily, there are signs that some parents, schools and even politicians are now starting to wise up”。由此可知，一些家长、学校甚至政客都开始认识到这一问题了，因此，可以推测出作者认为这一问题可能会得到改善。因此选择A。
Passage Two
5.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于第一段第一句话“ARepublican plan to control the rising cost of Social Security would greatly reduce retirement benefits for middle-and upper-income Americans...”。由此可知，该计划是为了控制公共福利不断上升的成本，据此可以推出，Paul Ryan的计划就是为了控制公共福利的成本，因此选择C。
6.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于第三段第一句话“With congressional elections less than two weeks away, the Ryan plan has been a frequent target for Democrats accusing the GOP of plotting to gut Social Security”，Ryan的计划成为民主党经常攻击的目标，他们指控说GOP是密谋摧毁政府的公共福利计划。gut的意思为“摧毁”。A项中Cut的意思为“切，削”；B项中Spoil的意思为“损坏，变糟”；C项中Misuse的意思为“误用，滥用”；D项中Abolish的意思为“废除”。因此选择B。
7.【答案】D
【解析】本题细节定位于第五段最后一句话“The new analysis reveals that these proposals result in benefit cuts ranging from 10 percent to as high as 50 percent... That's not what I'd call‘saving’ Social Security.”。由此可知，Earl Pomeroy认为福利削减范围从10%到50%，并非“挽救公共福利计划”的良策。据此可以推知，Earl Pomeroy认为最初的福利削减对政府的公共福利计划起不到帮助作用，因此选择D。
8.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于第六段第一句话中的“Goss did not analyze the full effect of Ryan's plan to balance the federal budget and ignored Ryan's proposal to guarantee a higher minimum benefit to low-income retirees”。由此可知，Goss无视Ryan保证提高低收入退休人员最低福利的提案。据此可以推知，Goss不关心低收入退休人群，因此选择A。
Passage Three
9.【答案】D
【解析】由题干关键词technology将答案定位于第二段第一句“Such ‘responsive architecture’ would depend on two sorts of technology: control systems capable of deciding what to do, and structural components able to change the building's shape as required”。冒号后介绍了两种技术：控制系统和结构构件。D项“能改变建筑物形态的结构构件”为技术之一，故为正确答案。A项“内外部形态的改变”是说明房子外部的变化，而非技术，故排除。B项“空气动力形态的改变”是“有反应的建筑物”的功能，可以排除。C项“适用于人工控制的控制系统”，文中只是提到“control systems capable of deciding what to do”，C项与其不符，可以排除。因此选择D。
10.【答案】C
【解析】由题干关键词many natural constructions可将答案定位于第三段第二句“Many natural constructions, including spiders' webs, are ‘tensegrity systems’—strong structures made up of many interconnected elements which can be manipulated to change shape without losing their structural integrity”。由该句中which引导的定语从句“which can be manipulated to change shape without losing their structural integrity”得知答案为C。A项与第三句Robert Skelton所说的话相反，故排除。B项与题干内容不相符。D项中fragile与破折号后的strong意思相反，很容易排除。因此选择C。
11.【答案】A
【解析】由题干关键词Sterk将答案定位于第四段段首处“...Tristan d'Estrée Sterk at the Office for Robotic Architectural Media&the Bureau for Responsive Architecture, an architectural practice based in Vancouver, Canada, has begun to construct prototypes of shape-changing‘building envelopes’ based on tensegrity structures”。复合句的主干提到...Sterk...has begun to construct prototypes of shape-changing“building envelopes”，由此得知答案为A。B项是对该段第二句的错误理解。C项不是对Sterk贡献的具体描述，而且文中也没有比较两者的贡献孰多孰少，故排除。D项的错误在于其现在完成时态，该段末句使用的是现在进行时态，故排除。因此选择A。
12.【答案】B
【解析】由题干关键词Magnoli将答案定位于第五段最后一句“‘We need to evolve designs for the best performing responsive-building models,’ he says.”。由此可知答案为B项“建筑师需要完善有反应建筑的设计方式以便设计出最出色的模型”。第五段提到汽车的cruise-control systems是为了说明自动行为的可行性，建筑领域可以参考其方法，而不能直接套用，故A项错误。C项“建筑的发展根本无法和汽车的发展相提并论”，文章提到两者的发展并不是为了对比，而是为了表明建筑的发展可以从汽车的发展中学习，故C项错误。D项是对第六段首句的错误理解，也可排除。因此选择B。
Passage Four
13.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于第三段“The legal limit for concentrations in soil where rice is grown of the sum of caesium-134 and caesium-137, which are always produced together, is 5,000 becquerels per kilogram in Japan”，由此可知，在日本，种植水稻的土壤中铯-134和铯-137总量浓度法定限制在5000贝克勒尔/千克以内，与B项相符。A项中“由于周围的农田遭受了高度污染，所以，日本农田不再安全了”。而原文中只是说“日本的部分农田”，A项扩大了范围，因此不正确。C和D两项正好与原文意思相反，因此错误。因此选择B。
14.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于倒数第二段“resulting tsunami struck the northeast of the country on March 11, damaging the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. Its cooling systems were knocked offline and reactors were sent into meltdown, resulting in the leaking of radiation into the air, oceans and food chain”。由此可知，海啸破坏了福岛第一核电站，冷却系统发生故障，反应堆内的燃料熔毁。因此，其直接原因就是福岛第一核电站遭到损坏，因此选择A。
15.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于倒数第二段最后一句话“resulting in the leaking of radiation into the air, oceans and food chain”。由此可知，放射物泄漏进入了空气、海洋和食物链。因此选择C。
16.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于最后一段“Shipments of a number of farm products from the affected regions were stopped and even those that were not subject to official controls have found little favor with Japanese consumers cautious of the potential health effects”。由此可知，受影响地区的很多农产品已经停止装运，而且由于日本消费者对潜在的健康影响颇为谨慎，甚至都不太青睐那些不受官方管制的农产品。由此可以推知，日本人对此还是颇为担忧的。因此选择B。
Passage five
17.【答案】B
【解析】本题细节定位于第四段第二句话“In fact, the report found that the biggest benefit of online instruction came from a learning environment that combined technology with traditional methods, but warned that the uptick had more to do with the increased amount of individualized instruction students got in that environment, not the presence of technology”。由此可知，在线教学的最大好处来自技术与传统方式相结合的学习环境，但是该报告提醒说，这种上升与该环境中获得个别化教学的学生数量增加有关，而非技术。B项与原文意思相符，A和C两项与原文意思相反。D项属于利用文中细节无中生有。因此选择B。
18.【答案】A
【解析】本题细节定位于第四、五和六段。第四段第一句话“...students rarely learned as much from online courses as they did in traditional classes”，即，学生通过在线课程不如他们在传统课堂上学到的知识多。这与B项相符。从第五段可知，收入在25000美元以下的家庭中，只有35%的家庭安装了宽带连接互联网；而黑人和拉丁美洲人当中，只有一半人口利用手机接入互联网，由此可知，并非每个人都有机会连接互联网，C项与此相符。第六段第三句话“If we really want to democratize education, finding creative ways to realistically open up colleges to different communities will do more to help than a model that is more beneficial for students who are already wealthy, academically prepared and highly motivated”。由此可知，找到创造性方式切实向不同社会团体开放大学会对学生更有帮助。可以推知，目前向不同社会团体开放大学还是不太现实的。而在第三段中，作者提出了两个问题：第一，尽管目前在线课程是免费的，但不可能一直这样持续下去，因为公司和学校都打算赚钱；第二，作者担心计算机辅助教学实际上将会扩大经济和教育特权阶层与其他人之间的差距，而非缩小差距。A项为作者提出的观点之一，并非计算机辅助教学会扩大教育差距的原因，因此选择A。
19.【答案】C
【解析】本题细节定位于最后一段第三句话“If we really want to democratize education, finding creative ways to realistically open up colleges to different communities will do more to help than a model that is more beneficial for students who are already wealthy, academically prepared and highly motivated”。由此可知，找到创造性方式切实向不同社会团体开放大学会对学生更有帮助，因此选择C。
20.【答案】A
【解析】本文第一段和第二段介绍了在线课程的情况；第三段作者提出了自己的两个观点：第一，尽管目前在线课程是免费的，但不可能一直这样持续下去，因为公司和学校都打算赚钱；第二，作者担心计算机辅助教学实际上将会扩大经济和教育特权阶层与其他人之间的差距，而非缩小差距。第四段讲述了原因，即，学生通过在线教学学到的知识不如传统教学方式多，只有计算机辅助教学再加上因材施教，学生才能受益最大。第五段讲述了在线教学的现状，即，稳定的互联网接入情况。最后一段探讨了解决该问题的方式，比如，向不同的社会团体开放大学。A项与文章的主线相符，因此选择A。
Part II Use of English
21.【答案】A
【解析】前文意为“环境在政治上占有相当重要的位置”，空格处意为“峰会上所强调的问题并未消失”，由句意可知，上下文形成转折关系，因此A项正确。
22.【答案】B
【解析】A项overcome意为“克服，战胜”；B项highlight意为“强调，突出”；C项motivate意为“激发，刺激”；D项confront意为“遭遇，对抗”。由句意可知，峰会上所强调的问题并未消失，因此选择B。
23.【答案】D
【解析】think tank为固定说法，意为“智囊团，智库”，因此选择D。
24.【答案】C
【解析】“tank—the International Food Policy Research Institute”为第三人称单数，由此可推知，空格处为第三人称物主代词的单数形式，因此选择C。
25.【答案】B
【解析】第二段介绍了水资源缺乏的问题。由此可以推测，空格处该句意为“水的消耗量增加了五倍”。A项decrease意为“降低，下降”；B项increase意为“增加”；C项expand意为“扩大”；D项dwindle意为“减少，缩小”。因此选择B。
26.【答案】A
【解析】根据上下文可知，the institute指the International Food Policy Research Institute，而IFPRI为其首字母缩写。initial意为“首字母”，因此选择A。
27.【答案】A
【解析】A项trigger意为“起因，诱因”；B项effect意为“结果，效果”；C项initiation意为“开始，创始”；D项consequence意为“结果，后果”。句意为“水资源缺乏会引发冲突……”，因此选择A。
28.【答案】C
【解析】由句意可知，“水资源缺乏成为养活世界增长人口的主要障碍”，barrier作“阻力，障碍”解时，常接介词短语to sth.。feed意为“喂养”；raise意为“提高，增加”，因此选择C。
29.【答案】D
【解析】A项instead of意为“而不是，而不能”；B项in response to意为“对……做出反应”；C项in place of意为“代替”；D项rather than意为“而不是……”，表示客观事实，它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词（短语）、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。由常识可知，有时战争冲突的起因是争夺石油资源，由此可推知本句意为“人们常说，下个世纪，水而非石油将成为战争冲突的起因”，因此选择D。
30.【答案】D
【解析】由空格前面的the time可知，该从句为时间状语从句，空格处缺少时间状语从句引导词，因此选择D。
31.【答案】B
【解析】由句意可知，“受水资源缺乏影响的人口数量……”，空格处需要填入动词的被动形式，因此选择B。
32.【答案】C
【解析】“数字+fold”意为“×倍”，为固定用法。句意为“受水资源短缺影响的人口数量将增加十倍”。因此C项正确。
33.【答案】C
【解析】分析该句成分可知，谓语动词为will increase，由此可推测，空格处句子为非限制性定语从句。句意为“它称在未来的30年间，受水资源缺乏影响的人口数量将增加十倍，这很可能导致大规模的冲突”。因此选择C。
34.【答案】B
【解析】A项natural意为“自然的”；B项scarce意为“缺乏的，不足的”；C项plentiful意为“丰富的，充足的”；D项dormant意为“休眠的，静止的”。该段都在介绍水资源缺乏相关事宜，由此可推测B项更符合题意。句意为“水资源缺乏的一个主要原因在于农业”。因此选择B。
35.【答案】A
【解析】A项account for意为“占（比例）”；B项run for意为“竞选，追查”；C项speak for意为“代表，要求得到”；D项count for意为“有价值，有重要性”。由句意可知，“农业占据了世界范围内70%的水消耗”，因此选择A。
36.【答案】B
【解析】developed country表示“发达国家”，developing country表示“发展中国家”。由后文农民从供应本土市场转向出口，可推知这里表示发展中国家的农业，因此选择B。
37.【答案】A
【解析】由空格后面的high yield export varieties可以推知，农民从种植本土作物转向高产的进口作物，因此空格处表示“国内市场”。home意为“国内的”，因此选择A。
38.【答案】C
【解析】A项remarkably意为“显著地，引人注目地”；B项formidably意为“可怕地，强大地”；C项inevitably意为“必然地，不可避免地”；D项consumedly意为“格外地，非常”。由句意可知，“农民从种植本土作物转向高产的进口作物，这不可避免地需要更多的水”，因此选择C。
39.【答案】D
【解析】前文讲述了水资源缺乏产生的冲突问题，空格处讲述了水资源缺乏导致的水污染问题。由此可以推测，该句与前文形成并列关系，A项though表示让步或转折关系；B项so表示因果关系；C项however表示转折关系；D项also表示并列关系。因此选择D。
40.【答案】D
【解析】A项assess意为“评估，估价”；B项appraise意为“评价，鉴定”；C项rate意为“估价”；D项estimate意为“推断，估计”。由句意可知，“据估计，到目前为止，砷中毒已经影响到了200万人”，因此选择D。
Part III Translation
Section A
Passage One
【译文】可以说，家庭是联系两代人的纽带，是养育孩子和传递文化的中心。婚姻的全部意义就在于它予以夫妻双方清晰的责任义务，而不仅仅是追求个人幸福的权利。而主要的责任就是给孩子感情上和实际上的关爱。激情的光焰可能早已减退，对妻子或丈夫的爱也许不及当初那般令人兴奋、那般美满，但转而寻求新的爱情不会对孩子有好处。“情爱家庭”对孩子来说，要么太随意——新的伴侣对你的孩子没有抚养责任，要么太不稳定，成年人一旦感到他们的关系无法满足自己对完美幸福的追求，就会转而他求。我想冒昧地说，要维系婚姻关系，仅有爱是不够的。说到底，“情爱家庭”不用关爱他人。彻底的自由最终会成为我们的锁链，使我们别无选择，只能生活在孤独中。
Passage Two
【译文】追求真理是一个高尚的过程，找到真理之后，更是一种无比美妙的感觉。知识比财富更加珍贵，这是人类心中一种古老的感知，它也是一种深刻而神圣的真理。知识能让我们从古至今，穿越人类过往的历史长河，明白为什么一些民族会崛起，而一些民族会衰败；知识能让我们讨论光与热、风与电；知识能让我们在天空之上和土地之下发现各种惊喜……这一切都值得我们在最好的青春里努力追寻。一个全身心投入知识圣殿的人，他的人生会充满了乐趣，并且很少责难和懊悔。
Section B
【译文】Many amateur administrators who run international sporting events often complain that sportsmanship is a thing of the past. They put the blame for everything wrong with sport on the growth of professionalism. They are horrified that some athletes today regard running as work and expect to be paid for what they do. They claim that when the modern Olympic Games began athletes felt that is was sufficient reward for them to compete.
The truth is that such high ideals were always an aspiration and never had much to do with reality. The Olympic Games of 1900 and 1904 were tied up with business, because they were organized as a secondary attraction to international trade fairs. What the administrators sometimes ignore is that anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion must do without spare time and possibly break off his studies. It is not surprising that athletes want some tangible reward.
Part IV Writing
Nature vs Nurture
The long-running nature versus nurture debate is about whether a man is born who he is or he is taught to behave who he is. While some people believe these personality traits and behaviors have been decided when he was born, I tend to deem that environment and education play more important roles in shaping people's personalities and behaviors.
There are two famous people in history—Fang Zhongyong and Mencius, who ended up with greatly different lives. Fang was a child prodigy, who was born in a poor peasant's family and never accepted education. However, he suddenly wrote beautiful poems at the age of five. His talent was admired by local people, and some people even paid him to write poems. Unfortunately, his father used him to make money, instead of sending him to school to develop his talent. Several years later, he became more and more ordinary, totally losing the gift that he was given by God. Contrary to Fang, Mencius was not so talented when he was born. Luckily, he had a mother who paid great attention to his education. To provide him with a better learning environment, his mother moved for three times, until they finally moved next to a school, where Mencius learned etiquette and knowledge along with the other students. Regardless of days and nights, Mencius studied very hard, accompanied by his mother. And he finally became a Great Scholar known as the Lesser Sage.
There are numerous Fangs and Menciuses in the past and even in our time. It is impossible for us to choose our parents or the genes that they gave us when we were born. However, it does not mean that we can't change and grasp destiny in our own hands. I never believe heredity will decide the people who we are. Influenced by a good environment and accepting proper education, we can shape our personalities and behaviors and become the people who we really are.