第4章 Michael Faraday迈克尔·法拉第
迈克尔·法拉第是英国物理学家、化学家，也是著名的自学成才的科学家。生于萨里郡纽因顿一个贫苦铁匠家庭，仅上过小学。1831年，他作出了关于力场的关键性突破，永远改变了人类文明。
About Faraday
关于法拉第
Michael Faraday was an English chemist and physicist (or natural philosopher, in the terminology of the time) who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a DC electric current. While conducting these studies, Faraday established the basis for the electromagnetic field concept in physics, subsequently enlarged upon by James Maxwell. He similarly discovered electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and laws of electrolysis. He established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology.
As a chemist, Michael Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.
Although Faraday received little formal education and knew little of higher mathematics, such as calculus, he was one of the most influential scientists in history. Historians of science refer to him as the best experimentalist in the history of science. The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named after him, as is the Faraday constant, the charge on a mole of electrons (about 96,485 coulombs). Faraday's law of induction states that magnetic flux changing in time creates a proportional electromotive force.
Faraday was the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a life-time position.
Albert Einstein kept a photograph of Faraday on his study wall alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.
Faraday was highly religious; he was a member of the Sandemanian Church, a Christian sect founded in 1730 that demanded total faith and commitment. Biographers have noted that “a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work.”
法拉第的一生是伟大的，法拉第其人又是平凡的，他非常热心科学普及工作，在他任皇家研究所实验室主任后不久，即发起举行星期五的晚间讨论会和圣诞节少年科学讲座。他在100多次星期五晚间讨论会上作过讲演，在圣诞节少年科学讲座上讲演达19年之久，他的科普讲座深入浅出，并配以丰富的演示实验，深受欢迎。法拉第还热心公众事业，长期为英国许多公私机构服务。他为人质朴、不善交际、不图名利、喜欢帮助亲友。为了专心从事科学研究，他放弃了一切有丰厚报酬的商业性工作。他在1857年谢绝了皇家学会拟选他为会长的提名，他甘愿以平民的身份实现献身科学的诺言，终身在皇家学院实验室工作一辈子，当一个平凡的迈克尔·法拉第。
1867年8月25日，平民迈克尔·法拉第在书房安详地离开了人世。一代科学巨星，在谱写完他不平凡的人生，给人类留下无价的宝藏以后与世长辞。法拉第的贡献惠及每个人，把人类文明提高到空前高度，把文明进程提前了几十几百年。我们不能用金钱衡量其伟绩，如果能用金钱衡量的话，有人说将超过全球股票价值。
Key words & Sentences
关键词句全知道
All the generators depend on Faraday's work.
所有现代的发电机均得益于法拉第的成就。
Electromagnetic flowmeter rely on Faraday's law of induction.
电磁流量计是基于法拉第电磁感应定律的速度式流量计。
Faraday was an English physicist whose discoveries had an enormous influence on the development of mathematics.
法拉第是英国物理学家，他的发现对数学发展有巨大影响。
Principle of fluxgate completely conforms to Faraday's law of induction.
磁通门原理完全服从法拉第电磁感应定律。
One of the first men to work with such reactions was the great English scientist Faraday.
伟大的英国科学家法拉第是最先研究这种反应的人之一。
Faraday twice refused to become President of the Royal Society.
法拉第两次拒绝成为皇家学会会长。
Education was another area of service for Faraday.
教育是法拉第的另一种服务方式。
That electrically charged particles reside within atoms had been surmised since the time of Faraday.
从法拉第的时代起，人们就已推测到，在原子内存在着带电的粒子。
A new method of measuring strong impulse current with Faraday effect was put forward.
本文提出一种利用法拉第效应测量脉冲大电流的方法。
Faraday studied the magnetic field around a conductor.
法拉第研究导体周围的磁场。
Faraday received little formal education.
法拉第几乎没有接受正规的教育。
As a chemist, Michael Faraday discovered benzene.
作为一个化学家，迈克尔·法拉第发现了苯。
Faraday was highly religious.
法拉第笃信宗教。
Faraday spent extensive amounts of time on projects.
法拉第花了很多时间在项目上。
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language.
法拉第是一个优秀的实验物理学家，他用简单明了的语言表达了他的想法。
In the 1800's the invention of the electric dynamo by Michael Faraday ignited the path for electric generators of the future.
19世纪，麦克法拉第电动机的发明为其他发电机的发明照亮了道路。
Faraday continued publishing his experimental work.
法拉第继续出版他的实验性成果。
Faraday's breakthrough came.
法拉第的突破来临了。
Faraday is best known for his work with electricity and magnetism.
法拉第最出名的是他在电和磁上的成果。
Michael Faraday is the inventor of the dynamo for producing electrical energy.
迈克尔·法拉第是产生电能之发电机的发明者。
Faraday continued his laboratory work.
法拉第继续他的实验室工作。
Faraday also was active in what would now be called environmental science.
法拉第在环境科学方面也十分活跃。
Faraday gave a successful series of lectures on the chemistry and physics.
法拉第成功地做了一系列关于化学和物流学的讲座。
Faraday rejected a knighthood.
法拉第拒绝了爵位。
British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday was born on September 22.
9月22日，英国物理学家、化学家法拉第出生。
English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday demonstrated the first dynamo.
英国化学家、物理学家迈克尔·法拉第演示世界上的第一个发电机。
When he was twenty–one he read Michael Faraday's experiments in electricity.
二十一岁时，他读到迈克尔·法拉第在电学方面进行的实验。
One of the first men to work with such reactions was the great English scientist Michael Faraday.
伟大的英国科学家法拉第是最先研究这种反应的人之一。
Michael Faraday no doubt realized the practical importance of his discoveries but he left the development of the generator and motor to others.
迈克尔·法拉第无疑意识到了他发现的在实际中的重要性，但是他却把发电机及电动机的研制留给了其他人。
The idea of transmitting power wirelessly has been around since the 1830s when Michael Faraday introduced his celebrated law of induction.
无线电能传输理论形成于1830年左右，其时迈克尔·法拉第将著名的电磁感应定律引入物理学。
The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children Michael Faraday in 1825, with himself as the inaugural lecturer.
1825年，迈克尔·法拉第发起面向孩子的英国皇家学院圣诞讲座，他自己就任讲师。
Let's Talk！
开始交流吧！
Mike:Who invented generators?
麦克：谁发明了电动机？
Daisy: I remember it is Faraday.
黛西：我记得是法拉第。
Mike: That's right.
麦克：对了。
Daisy: Why do you ask it?
黛西：为什么问起这个？
Mike: My little sister asked me this today, and I can't remember.
麦克：我的小妹妹今天问我这个，我记不起来了。
Daisy: I remember being taught about him in the Physics class.
黛西：我记得在物理课上学过他。
Mike: Yes, and we did experiments of generators.
麦克：是的，而且我们做了发动机的实验。
Daisy: I remember that, and it was very interesting.
黛西：我也记得了，实验非常有趣。
Mike: Faraday is so clever.
麦克：法拉第实在是太聪明了。
Daisy: The generators he inventoried promote the development of human beings.
黛西：他发明的电动机推动了人类的发展。
Mike: I'm never good at Physics, I find it very hard.
麦克：我物理一向都不好，我觉得太难了。
Daisy: So was I.
黛西：我也是。
Mike: But my sister is very interested in Physics, maybe she will be a physicist some day.
麦克：但是我妹妹对物理非常感兴趣，也许她某天会成为物理学家。
Daisy: That would be great.
黛西：那就太好了。