第16章 ENGLAND UNDER HAROLD HAREFOOT,HARDICANUTE,AND EDWA

THE CONFESSOR

CANUTE left three sons,by name SWEYN,HAROLD,and HARDICANUTE;but his Queen,Emma,once the Flower of Normandy,was the mother of only Hardicanute.Canute had wished his dominions to be divided between the three,and had wished Harold to have England;but the Saxon people in the South of England,headed by a nobleman with great possessions,called the powerful EARL GODWIN (who is said to have been originally a poor cow-boy),opposed this,and desired to have,instead,either Hardicanute,or one of the two exiled Princes who were over in Normandy.It seemed so certain that there would be more bloodshed to settle this dispute,that many people left their homes,and took refuge in the woods and swamps.Happily,however,it was agreed to refer the whole question to a great meeting at Oxford,which decided that Harold should have all the country north of the Thames,with London for his capital city,and that Hardicanute should have all the south.The quarrel was so arranged;and,as Hardicanute was in Denmark troubling himself very little about anything but eating and getting drunk,his mother and Earl Godwin governed the south for him.

They had hardly begun to do so,and the trembling people who had hidden themselves were scarcely at home again,when Edward,the elder of the two exiled Princes,came over from Normandy with a few followers,to claim the English Crown.His mother Emma,however,who only cared for her last son Hardicanute,instead of assisting him,as he expected,opposed him so strongly with all her influence that he was very soon glad to get safely back.His brother Alfred was not so fortunate.Believing in an affectionate letter,written some time afterwards to him and his brother,in his mother's name (but whether really with or without his mother's knowledge is now uncertain),he allowed himself to be tempted over to England,with a good force of soldiers,and landing on the Kentish coast,and being met and welcomed by Earl Godwin,proceeded into Surrey,as far as the town of Guildford.Here,he and his men halted in the evening to rest,having still the Earl in their company;who had ordered lodgings and good cheer for them.But,in the dead of the night,when they were off their guard,being divided into small parties sleeping soundly after a long march and a plentiful supper in different houses,they were set upon by the King's troops,and taken prisoners.Next morning they were drawn out in a line,to the number of six hundred men,and were barbarously tortured and killed;with the exception of every tenth man,who was sold into slavery.As to the wretched Prince Alfred,he was stripped naked,tied to a horse and sent away into the Isle of Ely,where his eyes were torn out of his head,and where in a few days he miserably died.I am not sure that the Earl had wilfully entrapped him,but I suspect it strongly.

Harold was now King all over England,though it is doubtful whether the Archbishop of Canterbury (the greater part of the priests were Saxons,and not friendly to the Danes)ever consented to crown him.

Crowned or uncrowned,with the Archbishop's leave or without it,he was King for four years:after which short reign he died,and was buried;having never done much in life but go a hunting.He was such a fast runner at this,his favourite sport,that the people called him Harold Harefoot.

Hardicanute was then at Bruges,in Flanders,plotting,with his mother (who had gone over there after the cruel murder of Prince Alfred),for the invasion of England.The Danes and Saxons,finding themselves without a King,and dreading new disputes,made common cause,and joined in inviting him to occupy the Throne.He consented,and soon troubled them enough;for he brought over numbers of Danes,and taxed the people so insupportably to enrich those greedy favourites that there were many insurrections,especially one at Worcester,where the citizens rose and killed his tax-collectors;in revenge for which he burned their city.He was a brutal King,whose first public act was to order the dead body of poor Harold Harefoot to be dug up,beheaded,and thrown into the river.His end was worthy of such a beginning.He fell down drunk,with a goblet of wine in his hand,at a wedding-feast at Lambeth,given in honour of the marriage of his standard-bearer,a Dane named TOWED THE PROUD.And he never spoke again.

EDWARD,afterwards called by the monks THE CONFESSOR,succeeded;and his first act was to oblige his mother Emma,who had favoured him so little,to retire into the country;where she died some ten years afterwards.He was the exiled prince whose brother Alfred had been so foully killed.He had been invited over from Normandy by Hardicanute,in the course of his short reign of two years,and had been handsomely treated at court.His cause was now favoured by the powerful Earl Godwin,and he was soon made King.This Earl had been suspected by the people,ever since Prince Alfred's cruel death;he had even been tried in the last reign for the Prince's murder,but had been pronounced not guilty;chiefly,as it was supposed,because of a present he had made to the swinish King,of a gilded ship with a figure-head of solid gold,and a crew of eighty splendidly armed men.It was his interest to help the new King with his power,if the new King would help him against the popular distrust and hatred.So they made a bargain.Edward the Confessor got the Throne.The Earl got more power and more land,and his daughter Editha was made queen;for it was a part of their compact that the King should take her for his wife.