第3章

Introduction Introductory remarks --Sources of information --Sketch of history of Southern India down to A.D.1336--A Hindu bulwark against Muhammadan conquest --The opening date,as given by Nuniz,wrong --"Togao Mamede"or Muhammad Taghlaq of Delhi --His career and character.

In the year 1336A.D.,during the reign of Edward III.of England,there occurred in India an event which almost instantaneously changed the political condition of the entire south.With that date the volume of ancient history in that tract closes and the modern begins.It is the epoch of transition from the Old to the New.

This event was the foundation of the city and kingdom of Vijayanagar.Prior to A.D.1336all Southern India had lain under the domination of the ancient Hindu kingdoms,--kingdoms so old that their origin has never been traced,but which are mentioned in Buddhist edicts rock-cut sixteen centuries earlier;the Pandiyans at Madura,the Cholas at Tanjore,and others.When Vijayanagar sprang into existence the past was done with for ever,and the monarchs of the new state became lords or overlords of the territories lying between the Dakhan and Ceylon.

There was no miracle in this.It was the natural result of the persistent efforts made by the Muhammadans to conquer all India.When these dreaded invaders reached the Krishna River the Hindus to their south,stricken with terror,combined,and gathered in haste to the new standard which alone seemed to offer some hope of protection.The decayed old states crumbled away into nothingness,and the fighting kings of Vijayanagar became the saviours of the south for two and a half centuries.

And yet in the present day the very existence of this kingdom is hardly remembered in India;while its once magnificent capital,planted on the extreme northern border of its dominions and bearing the proud title of the "City of Victory,"has entirely disappeared save for a few scattered ruins of buildings that were once temples or palaces,and for the long lines of massive walls that constituted its defences.Even the name has died out of men's minds and memories,and the remains that mark its site are known only as the ruins lying near the little village of Hampe.

Its rulers,however,in their day swayed the destinies of an empire far larger than Austria,and the city is declared by a succession of European visitors in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries to have been marvellous for size and prosperity --a city with which for richness and magnificence no known western capital could compare.Its importance is shown by the fact that almost all the struggles of the Portuguese on the western coast were carried on for the purpose of securing its maritime trade;and that when the empire fell in 1565,the prosperity of Portuguese Goa fell with it never to rise again.

Our very scanty knowledge of the events that succeeded one another in the large area dominated by the kings of Vijayanagar has been hitherto derived partly from the scattered remarks of European travellers and the desultory references in their writings to the politics of the inhabitants of India;partly from the summaries compiled by careful mediaeval historians such as Barros,Couto,and Correa,who,though to a certain degree interested in the general condition of the country,yet confined themselves mostly to recording the deeds of the European colonisers for the enlightenment of their European readers;partly from the chronicles of a few Muhammadan writers of the period,who often wrote in fear of the displeasure of their own lords;and partly from Hindu inions recording grants of lands to temples and religious institutions,which documents,when viewed as state papers,seldom yield us more than a few names and dates.The two chronicles,however,translated and printed at the end of this volume,will be seen to throw a flood of light upon the condition of the city of Vijayanagar early in the sixteenth century,and upon the history of its successive dynasties;and for the rest I have attempted,as an introduction to these chronicles,to collect all available materials from the different authorities alluded to and to weld them into a consecutive whole,so as to form a foundation upon which may hereafter be constructed a regular history of the Vijayanagar empire.The result will perhaps seem disjointed,crude,and uninteresting;but let it be remembered that it is only a first attempt.I have little doubt that before very long the whole history of Southern India will be compiled by some writer gifted with the power of "making the dry bones live;"but meanwhile the bones themselves must be collected and pieced together,and my duty has been to try and construct at least the main portions of the skeleton.

Before proceeding to details we must shortly glance at the political condition of India in the first half of the fourteenth century,remembering that up to that time the Peninsula had been held by a number of distinct Hindu kingdoms,those of the Pandiyans at Madura and of the Cholas at Tanjore being the most important.