第88章 Chapter III(29)

18.Archbishop Whately is said to have thanked God that he had never give a penny to a beggar.The view suggests some confusion between the Political Economy Club and the Christian Church.In Newman's Idea of a University (1875，p.88，etc.)there is an interesting passage upon the contrast between Christianity and the doctrine of the first professor of Political Economy at Oxford (Senior)，that the accumulation of wealth was 'the greatest source of moral improvement.'The contrast was undeniable.

19.Miss Martineau attributes the apostasy of the Times to the desire of the proprietors to please the country justices.See History of the Peace (1877)，ii.508.

20.Alfred's Factory Movement，i，138，141.

21.See his life in Dictionary of National Biography.

22.Hodde's Shaftesbury，i.161，339.

23.Alfred's Factory Movement，i.258.

24.Alfred's Factory Movement，i.229.

25.Ibid.ii.251.

26.See Westminster Review for April and October 1833；Edinburgh Review for July 1835and January 1844；Blackwood's Magazine for April 1833；Fraser's Magazine for April 1833；and the Quarterly Review for December 1836.

27.Hanzard，lxxiv.911.

28.The passage was quoted in full by Milner-Gibson，15th March 1844.

29.Macaulay's speech，22nd May 1846(in Miscellaneous Works，1870，pp.207-17)，arguing that the moral question cannot be answered by pure economists，and defending the Ten Hours'Bill，is worth notice.

30.See Alfred's Factory Movement，i，2.

31.See Cobden's letter at the end of the first volume of Mr Morley's Life.

32.Holder's Shaftesbury，i，300，325.

33.History of Trades-Unionism (1894).See especially chaps.iii and iv (from 1829to 1860).

34.For the view of the economists，especially Nassau Senior，and of a Whig government 'pledged to the doctrines of philosophical Radicalism'，see Mr and Mrs Sidney Webb's Trades-Unionism，pp.

123，etc.and the same writers'Industrial Democracy，p.249.

35.Sadler's Law of Population，2vols.8vo，appeared in 1830，and was reviewed in the Edinburgh for July by Macaulay，who in the number for January 1831published a 'refutation'of Sadler's 'refutation.'The articles were first collected in Macaulay's Miscellaneous Works.

36.Principles of Population and their Connection with Human Happiness，2.vols.8vo，1840.

37.The True Law of Population shown to be connected with the Good of the People，1vol.8vo，1841(second edition，1847).G.

Poulette Scrope (1797-1876)，better known as a geologist than an economist，declares in his Political Economy (1833)that if every nation were to be freed from all checks and 'to start off breeding at the fastest possible rate，'very many generations would pass 'before any necessary pressure could be felt.'(p.276)The doctrine that there is an 'iron necessity'for resorting to inferior soils is in contradiction to 'every known fact.'(p.266)Scrope was a sentimentalist who starts from the 'natural rights'of man to freedom，the 'bounties of creation，''property，'and 'good government.'Given these 'simple and obvious principles，'everything will go right.

38.Miscellaneous Works，p.193.

39.Sadler's Population，ii，p.387.

40.Political Economy，bk.i，ch.x，section 3n.W.T.Thornton，in his Over Population (p.121)，though a professed disciple of Malthus，agrees with Doubleday.Mr Herbert Spencer criticises Doubleday in his Biology，chap.xii，(section 366n.)in course of an elaborate discussion of the general question of fertility.

41.Bk.i，ch.x.

42.Political Economy，p.212(bk.ii，ch.xi，section 3).

43.One of Mill's rare quotations.See Shakespeare's Julius Caesar，act iv，sc.iii.

44.Political Economy，p.452，(bk.iv，ch.vi，section 1).

45.Ibid.p.118(bk，i，ch.xiii，section 2).

46.Political Economy，p.99(bk.i，ch.x，section 3).

47.See Mill's reference to Wordsworth，Political Economy，p.155(bk.ii，ch.vi，section 1n).

48.See，e.g.his note to the Wealth of Nations，p.565seq.

49.As quoted by W.T.Thornton，Plea for Peasant Proprietors (1874)，p.133.

50.Jones's Essay on the Distribution of Wealth and on the Sources of Taxation：Book 1，Rent，appeared in 1831.Though constantly pressed by his intimate friend，Whewell，to complete the book，Jones never found the time for the purpose.In 1859，Whewell published Jones's Literary Remains --chiefly notes for lectures --with a life.

51.Rent，pp.68，146.Whewell in his preface to Jones's Remains (p.xvii)seems to charge Mill with approprating Jones's classification without due recognition of the merits.Mill used the book freely，and calls it a 'copious repertory of valuable facts'(Political Economy，bk.ii，ch.v，section 4).If he did not speak more strongly of the merits of Jones's classification (into 'labour'，'m閠ayer，''ryot，'and 'cottier'rents)it was probably because he thought Jones responsible for a fatal confusion between 'cottiers'and 'peasant-proprietors'.In the Rent this distinction is ignored.In the Remains，which Mill had not seen，Jones speaks (pp.208，217，438，522，537)of the 'peasant-proprietors'as an interesting class，but pronounces no definite judgment upon the system.

52.Political Economy，p.230(bk.ii.ch.xiii，section 3).

53.Bain speaks of Thornton as one of the friends who，like Sterling，maintained a close intimacy with Mill in spite of differences of opinion.These differences certainly did not prevent Thornton from speaking and writing of Mill in the tone of an ardent and reverential admirer.As little has been told of Thornton's private life，I will venture to say that，as a young man，I used often to see him，when he visited Fawcett and Fawcett's great friend，Mr C.B.Clarke，at Cambridge.Thornton's extreme amiability，his placid and candid，if slightly long-winded，discussion of his favourite topics，won the affection of his young hearers，and has left a charming impression upon the survivors.

54.Over Population，p.268.

55.Ibid.p.121.